Ta dangin harsunan, harshen Hausa xaya ne daga cikin harsunan ‘Afro-Asiatic’ mai dangi da Larabawa, Kivxanci, Yahudanci, Habashanci, Somali da sauransu (Encarta, 2009).
A duniyar yau ana qiyasta adadin masu magana da harshen Hausa sun kai 150,000,000. Harshen Hausa na da matsayin na 11 a cikin harsuna 65,000 da ake magana da su a faxin duniya (Limanci, 2019). Hausa ce yare na 25 a harshen da masu ji na asali. Akwai kuma sama da mutum 30,000,000 da suke jin Hausa a matsayin harshen a biyu (Enthologue, 2022).
Domin Karanta wane ne bahaushe Danna Nan
Bayan nan, Bahaushe ya ci gaba zama a yankunan Arewacin Nijiyeriya, Kudanci Nijar, ya kuma yi tafiye tafiye zuwa nahiyar Turawa, Asiya (qasashen Labarawa da gabashin duniya, qasar Sin da sauransu) ta dalilin aiki, kasuwanci ko neman ilimi. A yau Hausa ta zama yaren duniya, ana amfani da ita a manyan gidajen jaridun radiyo na Amurka (VOA), Birtaniyya (BBC), Jamani (DW), Chaina (CRI) da sauran manyan qasashe. Tana daga cikin harsunan da ake fassara huxubar ranar Arfa a Saudiyya. Tana kuma cikin harsunan fasahar zamani, da harsunan manhajojin fassara na zamani (misali, Google Translator).
Harshen Hausa yana kusa da harsunan Ron, Bole, Zaar, Bura, Kamwe, Bata, Angas, Bade, Warji, Buduma, Musgu, Gidar, Tumak, Nancere, Kera, Dangaleat, Mukulu, Sokoro, Ngizim, Kare-kare da Kanakuru.
Harshen Hausa na qaruwa da qara faxaxa a yankunan Nijeriya, har tana qoqarin nashe wasu harsunan Nijeriya da suka haxa da; Yankam, Pyem, Fillanci, Biram, Gunganci, Fakkanci, Dokkanci, Banganci, Kamuka, Acipanci, Shanga, Kyanganci, Katab, Kagoro, Tara, Gure, Kurama, Ninzo, Kadara, Kanin, Badanci, Ngizim, Bolewa, Tera, Tangale (Sarki, 2005, Bello, 2018, Sama’ila, 2016 da Buba, 2002).
Domin Karanta Al’adar Bahaushe Danna nan
- Kare-karen Harshen Hausa
Karin harshen (dialect) nufin ma’anin magana a cikin harshe xaya, da ake samun bambance-bambacen wajen furuci (accent), ko ginin jimlar, ko zavar kalmomi tsakanin yanki ko al’umma (sociolect), ko qabila (ethnolects), ko gida/muhalli (ecolect), ko xaixaikun mutane (idiolect) (Rotimi et al, 2014)
Qaura da Hausawa ke yi zuwa wasu yankuna ta dalilin kasuwanci, neman ilimi, auratayya, ko cakuxuwa da wasu qabilu na daga cikin dalilan da ke sabbaba karin harshen wata al’ummar Hausa ya bambanta da wata al’umma.
A vangaren amfani da yaren Hausa, Bahaushe yana da kare-karen harshe (dialects) na rukuni da yanki. Karin harshen rukunin mutane na da dangantaka da jinsi, shekaru, mulki ko sana’a. Misali, akwai kalmomi ko yanayin amfani da harshe da malamai ke da shi da ya bamban da na ‘yan kasuwa, haka a tsakanin maza da mata, yara da manya.
A karin yanki akwai Hausa Bakwai, da Banza Bakwai. A Karin harshen Hausa-Bakwai, akwai ‘karin gabas’ akwai ‘karin yamma’, an samu waxannan kare-kare ta dalilin kafa garuruwan Hausa da jikokin Bayajidda suka yi a 900s (Liman, 1974).
A karin gabasanci akwai: Kananci, Zazzaganci, Bausanci, Gudanranci, Damagaranci, Haxejiyanci. A Karin yammaci akwai: Dauranci, Sakkwatanci, Gobiranci da sauransu.
Kananci, Sakkwantanci, Dauranci, Haxejiyanci, Zazzaganci da Bausanci na daga cikin manyan kare karen Hausa saboda yawan al’umma da ke amfani da karin a yankunan Hausawa (ie. Kano, Sakkwato, Daura, Haxejiya, Zazzau, Katsina da Bauchi). Sauran akwai Canganci (Gaya), Gobiranci (Gobir), Agadasanci da Damagaranci (daga qasar Nijar).
Misalin, Bahaushen Haxejiya da kudanci qasar Kano sukan furta harafin /hy/ a madadin /sha/, mis. hyayi a matsayin shayi. Ko, a karin gabas suna amfani da /r/, yamma kuma /l/ a kalmomi, harshe/halshe, harbi/halbi, farke/falke da sauransu. Ko canja wasu haruffa misali, fira/hira, Audu/Abdu (Noun, ).
Domin Karanta Ma’anar Bahaushe Danna nan
A wani karin kuma ana a qarin ‘ya’ a bayan lamiri a Sakkwatanci, ‘ni’ (Kananci), ‘niya’ (Sakkwatanci), kai/kaiya, ke/keya, mu/muya da sauransu. A wajen nuni, wannan (Kananci), wanga/wagga (Sakkwatanci).
Wani lokacin kuma, akwai bambancin zaven kalmomi na yanki, misali: hanya/turba, makani/gwaza, gishiri/manda, barci/kwana, abinci/cimaka, fitsari/sayi, gafiya/bargu, wuni/yini/uni, ‘ya/xiya da sauransu.
Bahaushe da yake zaune a wani yanki mai cakuxe da wasu qabilu mazauna Suleja, Jos, Yawuri (yankunan Banza Bakwai) da sauransu, sukan canja lamirin mace zuwa na namiji misali: matata/matana, motata/motana, rigata/rigana da sauransu.
- Baqin Kalmomi Cikin Harshen Hausa
Ta vangaren amfani da kalmomi, Yaren Hausa ya samu cakuxuwa da kalmomi Larabci (saboda zuwan addinin Musulunci), da na Turanci (a zuwa Turawan Mulkin Mallaka), sai jefi-jefin kalmomi daga harsunan da yarukan makwafta Yarbawa, Inyamurai, Fulani, Bare
Bari, Kanuri da sauransu a sunayen abinci da sutura.
Addinin Musulunci ya yi wa harshen Bahaushe tasiri sosai, domin Bahaushe na amfani da kalmomin Larabci wajen magana (Ibrahim, 1982), har ta kai ga wasu kalmomi Hausan na qoqarin vacewa da maye gurbinsu da na Larabci; misali: arziki (wadata), mai koyo (xalibi), raino (tarbiyya). A vangaren Turanci kuma, Bahaushe ya ari kalmomin Turanci na baqin abubuwa, gwamnati, ofisi, birki, mota, da sauransu.
Akan samu auren harshen (code mixing) tsakanin harshen Hausa da Turanci (Engausa/Ingausa) wajen magana. Kalmar Ingausa, (Ing = English, ausa = Hausa). Ingausa shi ne yin amfani da kalmomin, ko yankin jumlar Hausa da Turanci a lokacin guda wajen magana.
Akwai ‘code mixing’, haxa kalmomi Hausa da Turanci. Akwai kuma ‘code switching’, idan mutum na magana da Hausa, sai ya juye a koma yi da Turanci.
