Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia

0
27

Greeks (Girkawa) su ne suka sawa ƙasar da take tsakanin kogunan biyu Tigris da Euphrates suna Mesopotamia. Wannan koguna sun kwaranyo daga duwatsu a ƙasar Turkey. Sun rabu gida biyu daga asalinsu sannan suka yi tafiyar mil 400 suka shiga Persian Gulf.

Ƙasar Mesopotamia yanzu ita ce gabas ɗin Iraq. Wannan ƙasa ta Mesopotamia ana ce mata (Fertile Crescent) ta ƙunshi kudu maso gabacin Anatolia, da Syria da Iraq. Wanda suka fara kawo ci gaba ko wayewa a wannan wuri ko ƙasa su ne Sumerians. Mutanen da suka yi mulki a wannan ƙasa ta Mesopotamia tun daga farkon wayewa Clement (1936: 67) ya kasa su kashi shida:

  1. Sumerians wanda su asalinsu Caucasians ne da ƙasar Asiya, sun shigo ta Arewacin Mesopotamia sun yi mulki sama da shekara 6000 da suka wuce wato daga 4000 BC zuwa 2750 BC.
  2. Semites: Akkadian da Babylonian daga Arewacin Mesopotamia sun yi mulki daga 2750 BC zuwa 900 BC an kori Akkadiyawa, sannan daga bisani Babyloniyawa suka zo bayan wani lokaci. Sarakunansu da suka yi fice su ne Sargon I da kuma Hammurabi.
  3.  Assyrians su ma semite ne sun yi mulki daga 900 BC zuwa 612 BC su ma daga Arewacin ƙasar suka fito. Shahararrun sarakunansu su ne Sargon II da Sennacherib da kuma Assurbanipal 
  4. Chaldeans su ma Semite sun zo daga kudancin ƙasar sun yi mulki daga 612 BC zuwa 538 BC wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne Nebuchadnezzar.
  5. Persians sun zo daga gabas su Ayrans (Indo-Europeans) sun yi mulki daga 538 BC zuwa 331 BC.
  6. Alexander mutumin Grika ƙasar Mecedonia ya zo ya cinye ƙasar da  yaƙi ya kafa daularsa (Empire) daga 331 BC 323 BC. Daga baya kuma Rumawa sun mallaki ƙasar kafin zuwan Musulunci.

Sumerians su ne suka fara zuwa wannan ƙasa daga gabashin Asiya (Caucasians) shekaru 7000 da suka shige. Sun zauna a wannan tabkin kuma a hankali suka mulki maƙwabatansu kuma su ma asalinsu ɗaya na harshen Semitic. Kamar shekara 5000 da suka shige sai suka fara karɓe ƙasashen maƙwabtansu kuma suka wayar musu da kansu.

Sumerians su ne mutanen farko da suka fara gina manyan garuruwa, babban birninsu yana da mutane 100,000 a wancan lokacin. Dalilin haka ne yasa ake cewa su ne suka fara wayewar kafa garuruwa (wato urban Civilization). Sumerians sun kafa Uruk wanda shi ne babban birni na farko a tarihin duniya sun kuma kafa Lagash da Ur (Adler p. 15).

Sumerians sun shahara a tarihi saboda abubuwan da suka ƙirƙira. Su ne suka fara ƙirƙiro rubutu na ƙwarai (sophisticated). Su ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙasaitaccen gini na farko, wanda aka yi amfani da linta da ginshiƙai yadda iska ba za ta faɗar da shi ba kuma har yanzu ana amfani da dabararsu.

Su ne ake zaton sun ƙirƙiro taya mai juyawa (wheel). Su ne kuma suka ƙirƙiro (gravity flow irrigation). Su ne suka fara yin tsarin makaranta a tarihin ɗan Adam, haka kuma su ne suka ƙirƙiro gasasshen tubali na gini (Adler p. 15). Sun ƙware a ƙirar kayan ƙarafa (bronze), da tukwane masu juyawa, da kekuna masu tayar ƙarfe da kwale-kwale da sassaƙa da manyan gininnika da kuma abinda ya fi kowane mahimanci –plow.

An samu waɗannan bayanai a cikin dubunnan kayayakin da suka zana a wurare daban-daban. Sumerians sun shahara a harkar saƙa da rini kuma suna yin kaya na ƙasaita shuwagabaninsu na sa wannan kayayyaki masu kyau da burgewa. Wannan sana’oin sun haɓaka kasuwanci a garuruwan Mesopotamia da kuma cinikayya tsakanin su da sauran ƙasashe. Ana kai kayansu ƙasashe daban-daban. Kuma saboda wannan arziƙi da ƙasar take da shi shi ne yasa ake yin gagarumin biki na ƙasaita wanda ya sa ƙasar ta shahara (McNeill).

Shekaru kamar 4200 da suka shige, wani mahari, kuma ɗan Semitic, Sargon (the Great) ya shigo ya cinye ƙasar Mesopotamia ya kafa mulkinsa da daularsa a garin Akkad kusa da garin Baghdad (ta wannan zamanin). Kafin zuwan Sumerians a garuruwansu suke babu sarki ɗaya da yake mulkar su,  shi ne ya haɗa ƙasar ƙarƙashin jagoranci ɗaya.

Daular Akkadiyawa ba ta kai shekara 200 ba amma duk da haka sun yadda da wayewar kai irin na ƙasar Sumeria a gabas ta tsakiya. Kuma mulkinsu ya haɗa gabas ta tsakiya da kuma Misira. Bayan wannan daular ta Akkad aka samu daular Babylon daga nan kuma aka sami daular Assyria.

Abinda yasa cewa aka yi Daular Akkad “Empire” ta farko saboda su ne suka fara mulkar  mutane daban a wata ƙasar. Mulkinsu ya faɗaɗa a doran ƙasa daga arewancin Iraqi zuwa kudancin ƙasar. Ita ce “Empire” ta doran ƙasa ta farko a tarihin duniya. Bayansu an samu “Empires” iri-iri a tarihin duniya (Howe 2002).

Domin karanta Wayewar Farko danna nan

Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu

labarin da ya wuceKaluluwa
Labarin na GabaFassara Huɗuba Daga Masallaci Mai Alfarma 24th January 2025
Dr. Ibrahim Ado Kurawa
An haifi malam, a ranar 10 ga Agusta, 1963, a Kano. Malam ya yi karatu a fannoni daban-daban, tun daga kimiyyar halittu har zuwa karatun Larabci da ilimin addinin Musulunci. Kuma ya wallafa littattafai da takardu masu yawa kan tarihi, siyasa, da al'adu, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar samun kima a duniya, har ma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu zama a Rockefeller Villa Serbelloni a Italiya.