Ummulkhair Sani Panisau
Cutar damuwa (depression) cuta ce da take shafar zuciya da ƙwaƙwalwa. Mutane da yawa suna ganin cewa depression shi ne mutum ya shiga cikin matsala ko ya rinƙa jin haushi da ɓacin rai na ɗan wani lokaci. Sai dai cutar ta wuce haka. A turance depression na nufin danne wani a hana shi rawar gaban hantsi ,ko kuma mutum ya shiga wani yanayi da bature yake cewa “Boredom”,wato yanayi na rashin abin yi.
1-Clinical depression.
Clinical depression ana kiran sa da major depressive disoder ko, biochemical depression, ko endogenous depression ko biological depression ko kuma unipolar disoder. Duk waɗannan sunayen ana amfani da su wajen kiran irin depression ɗin da yake zama matsala ga rayuwar mutum sosai, ta yadda in ba asibiti a ka je ba, sai dai abun ya ƙara muni.
TA YAYA AKE GANE MUTUM YANA FAMA DA CLINICAL DEPRESSION?
“International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision (ICD-10) “ wata hanya ce da WHO ta samar don gano alamomin ciwuka irin depression. A tsarin ICD-10, ana tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da clinical depression ne idan ya shafe a ƙalla sati biyu ɗauke da alamomin clinical depression. Haka zalika sai waɗanan alamomin sun zama ana tare da su kusan kullum kafin a kai ga tabbatar da cewa akwai depression.
ALAMOMIN CLINICAL DEPRESSION:-
1. Baƙin ciki da ɗebewar tsammani da rayuwa (hopelessness). Da jin rayuwarka ba ta da ma’ana, wato mutum ya rasa abinda ke masa daɗi a duniya. Idan hakan ya zamanto yana faruwa da mutum a kowacce rana, to za a lissafa shi a cikin alamomin clinical depression. Yara ‘yan ƙananu masu shekaru 13-19 (teenagers) kuwa, idan suna fama da cutar depression, suna kasa zama wuri ɗaya, sannan ga saurin fushi da zafin rai maimakon baƙin ciki da ɗebewar tsammani irin na rayuwa.
2. Mutum ya ji kwata-kwata ba ya sha’awar al’amuran rayuwa kamar yadda sauran mutane suke sha’awa. Kuma ko da ya yi wadannan abubuwan, ba zai samu farin ciki ko jin daɗi kamar yadda sauran mutane suke samu ba.
3. Rama daga wajen mutanen da su suke nema ba misali (waɗanda ƙiba ta yi musu yawa suka rage cin abincinsu don rage ta wato dieting) Ramewa da kashi biyar daga cikin kaso ɗari na nauyin jiki ( 5% loss of body weight) ko sama da haka, yana nuni cewa akwai alamar cutar clinical depression.
4. Yin bacci fiye da kima ko kuma matsala da wahala wajen yin bacci ga wasu.
5. Yawan kai-komo fiye da kima (psychomotor agitation), ko kuma rashin motsi da zama waje ɗaya (psychomotor retardation) ga wasu.
6. Yawan gajiya ko kuma rashin ƙarfi kusan kodayaushe ko kuma mafi yawan lokuta.
7. Mutum ya rinƙa jin ba shi da wani amfani a duniya (worthlessness) ko kuma ya rinƙa jin kamar ya yi wani babban laifi (guilt).
8. Mutum ya kasa yin tunani ko kuma mayar da hankali kan wani abu (lack of concentration). Ko kuma ya kasa yanke hukunci a rayuwa kamar yadda sauran mutane suke yi.
9. Yawan tunanin mutuwa; ya zama kodayaushe ko kuma a mafi yawan lokuta shi mutuwa yake tunani. Wasu daga cikin masu cutar ba wai mutuwar suke tsoro ba, amma dai kullum cikin tunaninta suke, wasu kuma masu wannan matsalar suna tsoron mutuwa fiye da yadda sauran mutane suke, wato fiye da yadda hankali zai ɗauka.
Kun ga kenan idan kuka duba abubuwan da na lissafo a sama, za ku gane cewa “Depression babbar matsala ce mai sarƙaƙiya”. Idan ba kai kake fama da ita ba, ba za ka taɓa gane yaya mai fama da ita yake ji ba. Shi yasa wasu a cikin jahilci suke hantarar masu cutar depression, a ganinsu ba rashin lafiya ba ne.
Hakan ba ƙaramin matsala yake jawowa ba. Yana sanyawa mutane su ƙare rayuwarsu cikin baƙin ciki da damuwa, wasu ma har su yi tunanin kashe kansu. Ya zama dole a ilimantar da mutane akan cutar depression ,don kowa ya gane cewa mai depression taimako yake nema ba hantara da cin mutunci ba.
Cutar damuwa (depression) ya kasu kashi biyar:-
1-Melancholia ko Melancholic depression: (Yana jawo matsalar rashin cin abinci ko rashin bacci ko kuma mutum ya ji ya tsani zama cikin mutane) wannan depression ne me muni.
2- Psychotic depression: Yana saka mai cutar rasa hankalinsa na wani lokaci. Ya rinƙa ganin abinda mutane ba sa gani ko kuma abinda babu shi a duniya. (Hallucination da delusion).
3- Atypical depression: Yana sanya mutum ya kasa zaune ya kasa tsaye, ya zama a birkice (anxiety) ko kuma cikin tsananin tsoro da razana (panic attack).
4-chronic dysthymic disoder: Wannan depression ne da ba shi da tsanani amma akan shafe tsawon lokaci ana fama da shi. Yana farawa daga lokacin da aka balaga (adolescence) sannan akan shafe shekara biyar zuwa shekaru da yawa ana fama da shi.
5- Seasonal Affective Disoder (SAD) depression ne da yake zuwa lokacin sanyi (winter) kuma yake tafiya lokacin zafi.
Gano haƙiƙanin abinda ke jawo depression ya gaggara. Har yanzu ana tafka muhawara tsakanin masana kimiyya akan abinda ke jawo depression. Sai dai dukkan muhawarar ta ta’allaƙa ne akan abubuwa guda uku:-
A-Wasu na ganin cewa depression ya shafi al’amura na biology (biological factors). Wato samun canji na wasu sinadirai da suke kai-komo tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran sassan jiki. Waɗannan sinadirai su ake kira ‘yan aika (neurotransmitters).
B-Wasu na ganin yanayin tunani ke jawo depression. Suna ganin cewa idan mutum yana yawan yin tunani mai jawo baƙin ciki (negative thoughts), to hakan zai haifar da matsala ga tsarin rayuwarsa, ya zamto yana jin haushin kansa da haushin sauran jama’a ba tare da dalili ba. Waɗanan su ake kira da “Congnitive factors”.
C- Akwai kuma masu ganin cewa matsalolin rayuwa irin su rabuwar aure, kora daga aiki, cutarwa ko cin zali (bully), talauci, da sauransu su ke jawo depression. Wannan shi ake kira “Socio-cultural factors.
Akwai abubuwan da ake zargin suna jawo cutar depression bayan waɗannan ukun da na lissafa a sama;
- Gado
Mutuwar iyaye
Yawan tunani
Raina kai ko abinda za ka iya (low self-esteem)
Rashin aikin yi.
Rashin wurin kwana (homeless).
Yaudara ko daga saurayi ko budurwa.
Cutarwa daga (‘yan fashi, ɓarayi, fyaɗe da sauransu).
Shaye-Shaye (shan giya ko magunguna ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, magungunan hana haihuwa da sauransu). - Yawan amfani da magunguna masu ƙarfi wajen kashe (pesticides) ƙwari, binciken wasu masana ya tabbatar da yiwuwarsa na jawo depression.
Kafin mai cutar ya sha kowanne irin magani ya fara zuwa ganin likita. Shan magani ba tare da shawarar likita ba zai iya haifar da wata larurar. Yawaitar ziyartar likita lokaci bayan lokaci.
Manazarta:-
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2022)
National institute of Mental Health (NIMH). (2022) Depression.
Depression: A cognitive Approach (2018).Routledge.
Danna nan don karanta Ciwon Zuciya
Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu
