Masana tarihi sun kasafa wayewa daga Paleolithic zuwa Neolithic. Ita Paleolithic lokacin farautar dabobi ne da tara kayan tsirrai. Idan suka gama da abubuwan da suke a wuri sai su bar wajan su tafi wani wurin. Saboda haka mutanen wannan lokaci ba su da wayewa, abinda yake gaban su kawai ya za su ci abinci.
Mutane suna fara amfani da kayan da za su sarrafa abubuwan rayuwa (tools) don kashe dabbobi. A hankali kuma suka mayar da wasu dabbobin nasu a gida suka ɗauko su daga daji suna kula da su. Amma kuma mutane ba su zauna a wuri ɗaya ba. Suna tafiya da dabbobin su zuwa wuraren da suka fi ni’ima.
A hankali mutane suka fara noma. Dalilin haka yasa suka yi matsuguni wato gidaje don su zauna. Suka zama manoma kuma suka fara ƙere-ƙere na abubuwa masu amfani. Wannan cigaba ya ɗauki lokaci shekaru dubunnai kuma ba wuri ɗaya ba a duniya. Kowane wuri da irin nasu cigaban.
Masu binciken tarihi sun yi ƙoƙarin gano inda mutane suka fara samun wayar kai da cigaban rayuwa. Sun yi binciken gano a ina mutane suka fara zama. An yi taƙaddama a ina mutum ya fara wayewa? A China ko India ko America? Duk da cewa waɗannan wurare suna da tarihin wayewa ba su kai wasu wuraren daɗewa ba saboda mutane sun waye a wasu wuraren kafin China, India da America saboda ni’imar ƙasa.
Masana tarihi sun daɗe da ra’ayin cewa Misra (Egypt) ita ce ƙasar da asalin wayewar Ɗan Adam ta bayyana. Wannan ra’ayi ya raunana saboda sababin bincike da suka bayyana matsayin wayar kan Ɗan Adam a ƙasar Mesopotamia kafin Misira. Amma tabbatacciyar maganar ita ce mutane sun kasance a wannan ƙasashe wato Mesopotamia da Misara shekaru dubunnai da suka shige saboda su ne tunshen wayewar kan ɗan Adam.
Babu wani masani da ya tabbatar da lokacin da ɗan Adam ya fara wayewa. Amma ana zaton cewa duk inda wayewa ta faru mutane suna ɗaukar ɗabi’un su kai wani wurin. Babu wanda ya yarda cewa wayewa ta samu asali a wuri ne, sannan aka ɗauka aka kai sauran wurare. Duk da cewa ba za a rasa wata alaƙa tsakanin mutanen wurare daban daban ba.
Akwai hujjar cewa Civilization (Wayewar kan ɗan Adam) ya faru ne a wurare shida a lokuta daban-daban kowanne a gashin kan sa. Na farko shi ne na Sumeria (Mesopotamia) wanda ya faru sama da shekara 5500 ba a daɗe ba sai na ƙasar Masar (Egypt), sannan sai na ƙasar India wanda ya bayyana kamar sama da shekaru 4500 bayan wannan kuma sai na ƙasar Crete sama da shekara 4000, China ta biyo baya kamar sama da shekara 3500 na ƙarshe kuma shi ne na kudanci America shekara 2800 (Roberts 12).
A wane abu ne wannan ƙasashen suka yi tarayya? Wataƙila shi ne yasa aka samu wayewa a wannan ƙasashe banda sauran wuraren duniya? Wannan ƙasashe suna Arewacin duniya (Northern Hemisphere) wato arewa da Equator. A dukkansu babu tsananin zafi ko sanyi. Shekara 6000 zuwa 7000 yanayin gabas ta tsakiya (Middle/Near East) ya fi na yanzu sauƙi wato babu zafi a wannan lokacin, haka kuma arewa maso yamman India babu zafi kuma wurin a sannan ba hamada ba ne kuma yana da bishiyoyi da yanayi kore fatau.
Ƙasashen huɗu suna da koguna da ƙasar noma mai albarka wato Mesopotamia mai kugunan Euphretes da Tigris, Egypt mai kogin Nile, India mai kogin Indus da kuma China mai kogin Yellow. Wataƙila wannan shi ne dalilin da yasa wayewar kan Ɗan Adam ta fara bayyana a wannan ƙasashe (Roberts 12-13).
Duk da wannan bayani masana suna taka-tsan-tsan wurin yanke hukunci asalin dalilan wayewar kan ɗan Adam. Amma suna ganin cewa duk inda aikin noma ya haɓaka mutane suna ƙaruwa har su kafa ƙauyuka da garuruwa sannan su fara tunanin sarrafa muhiman abubuwa.
Duk lokacin da mutane suka sami kayan abinci mai albarka da za su iya nomawa sosai suna samun ƙarin arziki a ƙasarsu kamar yadda ya faru a America (ta tsakiya) duk da ba su da koguna kamar sauran ƙasashen (Mesopotamia, Egypt, India da China). Mutanen Crete kuwa ba su da ƙasar noma mai albarka kamar sauran wurare amma kuma kusancinsu da Masar (Egypt) da kuma gabas ta tsakiya ta yiwu ya taimaka musu (Roberts 13).
Bayyanar wayewar kan Ɗan Adam a sauran wurare ba ta wuyar bayani dalili kuwa shi ne alaƙar wannan ƙasashe shida da sauran ƙasashen duniya. Misali daga ƙasar Mesopotamia an samu alaƙa da sauran mutanen gabas ta tsakiya saboda haka suka samu ilmukan wayewa daga wannan asali.
Haka ya faru ma tsakanin India da sauran Asia ta kudu kamar Indonesia. Ita kuma China ta yi tasiri a ƙasashen gabashin Asia. Amma duk da haka wurare kaɗan ne a duniya suka waye a shekaru ɗaruruwa masu yawa saboda rashin tasirin wannan ƙasashe. Ita ƙasar America tana can ƙetare babu alaƙa da sauran wuraren nan (Roberts 13).
Ƙasashen da tunshen wayewar Ɗan Adam ta bayyana suna da albarkar ƙasar ta noma saboda haka mutane suka zauna a cikinsu. Mesopotamia tana da kogunan Euphrates da Tigris inda ƙasar ta samu asalin sunanta me ma’ana ƙasa a tsakanin koguna biyu. Misira (Egypt) kuma tana da kogin Nile.
Waɗannan koguna su ne suke ba da ruwa da yake malale bakin kogunan. Wannan ruwa yana da amfani saboda noma. Kogunan suna kawo taɓo mai inganci. Wannan ruwa da taɓo su ne ke taimakawa noma a waɗannan ƙasashe biyu. Kuma mutane ma saboda su ne suka zauna a waruraren.
Shekaru dubunnai kogin Nile yana tumbatsa ruwa ya malale gefensa kuma idan ya janye barley ta tsuro. Wannan yana daga cikin dalilan da yasa mutane suka yi kakagida a ƙasar. A hankali mazauna wannan ƙasa suka fara noma sauran hatsi kuma suka fara ajiye su a rumbuna irin nasu.
Wayewar kan ɗan Adam ta tabbata a wannan ƙasashe biyu daga nan kuma ta haɓaka zuwa wasu ƙasashen a cikin shekaru ɗaruruwa. An sami cigaba a harkar noman rani (irrigation) da ƙere-ƙere iri-iri da kuma tsarin hukuma (gwamnati). Abin da ya fi kowanne shi ne tsarin rubutu da ɗan Adam ya ƙirƙiro.
Zamani yana tafiya mutanen Masar da Mesopotamia suka fara shiga wasu ƙasashen ƙetare a ɓangaren hayin Mediterranean. Suka kai al’adunsu wannan wuraren daban-daban a tsahon lokaci kuma mutanen suka karɓi al’adun nasu, wannan shi ne mafarin wayewar kai a sauran ƙasashen duniya.
Mutanen Crete a taikun Mediterranean, kudu da Greece suna ciniki da mutanen Egypt kimanin shekara 5000 da suka shige sun fahimci abubuwa wayewar kai daga wurin Misarawa daga nan suka miƙa shi zuwa ƙasar turai (Europe). Wayewar kai ba ta bazu daidai a ko ina a ƙasar Turai a lokaci ɗaya ba.
Kowane wurin da lokacin da suka waye daban misali Crete sun waye kamar sama da shekara 4000, Greece sama shekara 2400. Rum (Rome) ta yi ƙarfi shekara 2200, kuma ƙarfin mulkin Julius Caesar yasa ya kai ziyara Britain shekara hamsin da biyar kafin zuwan Annabi Isa. A lokacin da ya kai wannan ziyara babu doka da oda a Britaniyya.
Don karanta Wayewar Ɗan Adam 2 danna nan
Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu
