Muhammad Sahal Aliyu
Gabatarwa
Kamar yadda aka sani ne cewa lallai harshe yana buƙatar al’umma kuma su ma waɗannan al’umma suna buƙatar harshe. A dalilin haka ne ma idan al’umma suka yi wa harshe yawa kuma har suke amfani da shi, to shi wannan harshe ya sami ɗaukaka ta yadda har wasu ma za su sami damar yin kutse a cikinsa.
HARSHE
Masana da dama sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’anar harshe da cewa ;
Brown (1976) ; “Tamkar jerin ma’ana ne cikin tsarin sauti”.
Shi kuma Yakasai (2012) ;
“Wata hanya ce ta bayyana kai da kuma hulɗa tsakanin juna wadda dabbobi ba su da irinta.” (Yakasai, 2012).
Ilimin Walwalar Harshe (Sociolinguistics)
Ilimin walwalar harshe wanda da Turanci ake kira da “Sociolinguistics” Holmes (1971) ya bayyana ma’anar da cewa; “Fage ne na nazari da kan nazarci hanyoyin da ake sarrafa harshe domin tantance kima da matsayin mutane cikin zamantakewa”.
Yakasai (2012) cewa ya yi;
“Wani ɓangare ne daga fannin nazarin harshe da kuma yadda ake sarrafa shi” (Yakasai, 2012: 24).
A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, wannan fanni na walwalar harshe yana da faɗin gaske, wanda ya shafi dukkan irin rawar da harshe yake takawa cikin al’umma, waɗanda suka shafi al’ada da al’umma da jinsi da rukunin jama’a da harshen ƙasa da nazarin karin harshe da jin harsuna biyu ko da yawa da kuma muhallin magana. Wannan dalili ne ma ya sa masana irin su; Worlform da Hymes da Fishman (174) suka ga ya fi dacewa a kira shi da suna “SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE” wato “ZAMAN JAMA’A DA HARSHENSU”.
Bilingualism
Wannan kalma ta bilingualism kalma ce ta haɗakar wasu ɗafe-ɗafe har aka same ta, wato ;
Bi- wato biyu (two).
Lingual- kalmar Girkanci ce wacce take nufin harshe (language).
ism- wannan kuma ɗafi ne (affix) ko kuma ƙwayar tasarifi mara ‘yanci (bound morphem).
Bilingualism ;
“Able to speak two languages equally well”. Hornby A.S, (2015)
Wato ƙwarewa a wajen iya magana da harsuna guda biyu.
“Using two languages; written in two languages”. Hornby A.S, (2015)
Amfani da harsuna biyu; wato rubutu cikin harsuna biyu.
Wanda duk zai iya magana ya rubuta kuma ya fahimci harsuna guda biyu, shi ake kira da “bilingualism”.
Misali ;
Idan muka ɗauki malaminmu wato malam Sama’ila Mohammed, wanda ya naƙalci harshen Hausa da harshen Turanci sannan kuma duk zai iya rubutu da kuma da dukkan harasan, wannan ya zama dole a kira da bilingual ko bilingualism (mai ji da kuma amfani da harasa biyu).
DALILIN JIN HARSHE BIYU
Akwai wasu dalilai da suke sabbaba jin harasa biyu, waɗannan dalilai sun haɗa da;
Nisantar Farfajiyar Asali
Wato a duk lokacin da mutum ya gusa daga muhallinsa ko mazauninsa na asali ya koma zama da wasu al’umma masu harshe daban, wannan zai iya haddasa jin harshen waɗannan al’umma. Wato ga harshensa na asali sai kuma harshen al’ummar da yake cuɗanya da su.
Karatu
Sau tari a duk lokacin da aka ce mutum ya tsallaka wani wuri da nufin yin karatu, ba da nufin koyon harshe ya tafi ba, ya tafi don neman ilimi, a dalalilin haka za a samu mutum yana jin harasa biyu.
Koyo
A duk lokacin da mutum ya yi yunƙurin zama na musamman ko kuma zuwa wani wuri da ake koyar da wani harshe da nufin ya koya, wannan zai iya haddasa jin harasa guda biyu, makaranta ko kuma wani wuri makamancin haka.
Kasuwanci
A wani lokacin kasuwanci yana haddasa jin harasa biyu, wato mutum ya cuɗanya da wasu al’umma masu wani harshe daban a sanadiyyar kasuwanci, walau a ƙasarsa ko kuma a wata ƙasa ta daban, wannan zai iya haddasa jin harasa biyu.
Multilingualism
Kamar yadda aka fayyace kalmar bilingualism, haka ita ma wannan kalmar ta multilingualism take, wato haɗaka ce ta kalmomi ;
Multi- da yawa (many).
Lingual- harshe (language).
ism- wannan kuma ɗafi ne (affix) ko kuma ƙwayar tasarifi mara ‘yanci (bound morphem).
Multilingualism
“Speaking or using several different languages”. Hornby A.S, (2015).
Ma’ana yin magana ko amfani da harasa mabambanta.
“Written or speaking in several different languages”. Hornby A.S, (2015).
Wato rubuta ko magana cikin harasa mabambanta.
Kenan multilingualism na nufin duk mutumin da zai iya magana da rubutu cikin harasa fiye da biyu, wannan shi ake kira da multilingual multilingualism(mai amfani da harasa da yawa).
Misali ;
A mafiya yawan lokuta an fi samun malaman addinai wajen naƙaltar harasa da yawa, ko kuma masu aikin fassara. Akwai kuma malaminmu a nan Jami’ar Jihar Kaduna Dr. B.Y Alhassan (Baba na Jamus), yana ji kuma yana rubutu da haruna irin su ; Hausa da Turanci da Jamusanci da kuma Faransanci.
Sai kuma malaminmu Dr. Samaila Mohammed Mijinya wanda shi ma yana jin harsuna biyu ƙwarai da gaske, wato harshen Turanci da kuma harshen Hausa, kuma kowanne ba wanda ba zai iya rubutu ko karatu da shi idan buƙatar hakan ta taso. Akwai kuma malamin addinin Musuluncin nan mai suna Muhammad bin Usman, wadda shi ma yana jin harsuna irin su ; Hausa da Faransanci da Turanci da Kuma Larabci, shi ma yakan yi magana ko rubutu a cikin harasan a duk lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso.
Alfanun Jin Harshe Biyu ko Fiye Da Biyu
- Samun dama yayin neman aiki.
- Samun dama da haɗuwa da baƙin mutane.
- Kawo ci gaba a ƙasa
- Mutunta harshen asali
- Fahimtar halin da duniya ke ciki.
Kammalawa
Duba da bayanan da suka gabata dangane da ilimin walwalar harshe da ma’anar harshe, tare da kawo bayani game da ma’anar bilingualism da multilingualism da dalilan da suke sabbaba jin harasa biyu ko fiye da biyu, munfahimci cewa lallai ilimin walwalar harshe ba ƙaramar gudummawa yake bayar wa ba ga al’umma.
Idan kuma muka waiwayi batun nan na su Worlform da Hymes da kuma Fishman, wannan fage ya cancanci a kira shi da suna “zaman jama’a da harshensu”, ta la’akari da sauran ɓangarorin da ilimin walwalar harshe ya ƙunsa da kuma gudummawar da suke bayarwa.
Manazarta
Brown, P. (1976) : Language Society. Cambridge Unversity press.
Holmes J. And Pride J.B (1971) : Sociolinguistics, Penguim Book Ltd.
Hornby A.S, (2015) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Of Current English 9th Edition. Oxford University Press. OUP.
Yakasai (2012), Jagoran Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Garkuwa Media Services LTD Sokoto Nigeria.
http//www.google.com
MUHAMMAD SAHAL ALIYU
07065994177
2025.
Domin karanta Nazarin Sara/Yayi A Harshen Hausa danna nan
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
