Muhammad Sahal Aliyu
GABATARWA
Harshe ya kasance muhimmin al’amari ko ginshiƙin tubalin da ya haifar da nazarin kimiyyar harshe, wato Linguistics a Turance, wanda kuma kimiyyar harshe yana da rassa guda biyu su ne: manyan rassa (macro linguistics) da kuma ƙananan rassa (micro linguistics). Idan aka waiwayo ɓangaren ilimin walwalar harshe (sociolinguistics) za a ga cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananun rassa kimiyyar harshe ne. Saboda haka wannan harshe zai yi magana ne a kan adana harshe, wato (Language Preservation) a Turance.
MA’ANAR HARSHE
Masana da dama sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’anar harshe da cewa ;
Brown (1976); “Tamkar jerin ma’ana ne cikin tsarin sauti”.
Yakasai (2012); “Wata hanya ce ta bayyana kai da kuma hulɗa tsakanin juna wadda dabbobi ba su da irin ta.
Ilimin Walwalar Harshe (Sociolinguistics)
Ilimin walwalar harshe wanda da Turanci ake kira da “Sociolinguistics”;
Holmes (1971) ya bayyana ma’anar da cewa; “Fage ne nazari da kan nazarci hanyoyin da ake sarrafa harshe domin tantance kima da matsayin mutane cikin zamantakewa”.
Yakasai (2012) cewa ya yi; “Wani ɓangare ne daga fannin nazarin harshe da kuma yadda ake sarrafa shi” (Yakasai, 2012: 24).
Adana Harshe (Language Preservation)
Kafin mu shiga cikin aikin yana da kyau mu san abin da ake nufi da abin da ake kira da adana harshe. Hornby A.S, (2015) ya bayyana ma’anar language preservation da cewa:
“The act of keeping language in it original state.”
“The degree of which language has not been changed.”
Ma’ana:
Wato adana harshen a nufin kula da harshe ta yadda yake tun usuli. Sannan ya ƙara cewa adana harshe wani yanayi ne na adana harshe ta yadda yake ba tare da sauyawa ba. A wannan yanayin idan ana maganar adana harshe, to ana magana ne a kan yadda ake adana wasu zantuka ko hikima ko kuma kalmomi na harshe. Wannan ɓangare ya shafi kowane irin harshe da ake da shi a duniya, to amma mu a nan za mu ɗakko batun harshen Hausa wanda shi ne harshenmu na kusa wanda muke tare da shi a kodayaushe kuma a kan shi za mu ba da misali.
Hanyoyin Adana Harshe
Akwai wasu hanyoyi daban-daban da ake bi don adana harshe waɗanda za su taimaka wajen ƙara fahimtar wannan batun da ake son tattaunawa. Daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin akwai:
- Hanyar Rubutaccen Labari
- Hanyar waƙa ko waƙe-waƙe
- Kafofin Sadarwa
- Hanyar Rubutaccen Labari
A wannan ɓangaren ana kallon yadda wasu marubuta littattafai suke amfani da wasu kalmomi ko zantuka waɗanda suke tsofaffin kalmomi ne na Hausa waɗanda suka kasance za a iya cewa sun ɓace a yanzu, amma a sanadiyyar rubuce-rubuce da aka yi suna nan ba su ɓata ba. Misali:
“… can zuwa La’asar ya farfaɗo aka kai shi gidan mahaukata aka sa shi turu aka banƙare,” (Ruwan Bagaja shafi na 19)
“… Sai ya ɗakko buzu ya fito bakin dabi ya kishingiɗa.” (Magana Jari Ce shafi na 49)
“Ya tashi tsaye ya yi kirari ya ce: “Sai ni gyauro mai gani baɗi.” (Ganɗoki shafi na 1)
Turu: Wani irin mari (mai kama da ankwa) da ake huda gungumen itace a kafa masa ƙarfe inda ake sa ƙafafuwan mahaukacin da yake neman ya gagara. (Ƙamusun Hausa 2006).
Dabi; Rumfar da ake yi da itace da ciyawa mai kama da rufin kwano. Ko kuma farfajiya ko fafaranda. (Qamusun Hausa 2006).
Gyauro: Amfanin gonar da ya fito ba tare da an shuka shi ba. (Ƙamusun Hausa 2006).
Hanyar waƙa ko waƙe-waƙe
A wannan ɓangaren ma akwai misalai da za a kawo don tabbatar da hakan:
Jagora: Da zarar sun san kai as sarki,
Ba su ɗegiya. (Makaɗa Ibrahim Narambaɗa)
Jagora: Allah mun yi zaman dirshan,
Tamkar fitila a lokon alkuki. (Aminu Ladan Abubakar Alan Waƙa)
Ɗegiya: Bayeyeniyar abinci tsakanin maƙwabta. (Qamusun Hausa 2006).
Alkuki: Wani ɗan rami mai kusurwa uku a jikin bangon ɗaki don ajiye fitila ko littattafai.
Kafofin Sadarwa
Kamar yadda aka ga misalai a baya, a nan ma za a yi ƙoƙarin kawo wasu misalai na adana harshe a kafofin sadarwa. Misalan da za su biyo a nan, za a kalli yadda tashar sadarwan nan ta Arewa24 wanda suke gudanar da shirin nan nasu mai suna Daga Titi. Misali:
Kawalwalniya: Haske mai ƙyalli-ƙyalli kamar ruwa da mutum yake hange daga nesa wanda tsananin zafin rana yake haddasa shi.
Holoƙo: Hadarin da ya taso da ƙarfi kuma da iska, amma kuma sai ba a yi ruwan ba.
Safarago: Tsani (lada).
Ƙarfanfana: Kuɗin wuri mafi ƙanƙanta. Ko kuma dauɗar aljihu.
Dukkan waɗannan misalan idan aka lura za a ga cewa kalmomi ne da suke nema su ɓace ko kuma ma a ce sun ɓace, amma a sanadiyyar waɗannan dalilai an ga cewa suna nan a adane a cikin labarun Hausa da waƙoƙin baka na Hausa da kuma wasu daga cikin kafofin sadarwa na zamani.
Kammalawa
Duba da bayanan da suka gabata kama tun daga ma’anar harshe da bayani game da ma’anar ilimin walwalar harshe da kuma language preservation wato (Adana Harshe) da kuma misalan da suka bayyana a cikin aikin, an fahimci cewa lallai wannan fanni da adana harshe ba ƙashin yarwa ba ne.
MANAZARTA
Brown, P. (1976) : Language Society. Cambridge Unversity press.
Holmes J. And Pride J.B (1971) : Sociolinguistics, Penguim Book Ltd.
Hornby A.S, (2015) Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Of Current English 9th Edition. Oxford University Press. OUP.
Qamusun Hausa, (2006), Na Jami’ar Bayero Kano. Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Nigeria da kiniyar Harshe Kano.
Yakasai (2012), Jagoran Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Garkuwa Media Services LTD Sokoto Nigeria.
07065994177,
2025.
Don karanta Mai Jin Harshe Ɗaya danna nan
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
