Catal Huyuk
Catal Huyuk (Hill at Fork in the Road) wannan wurin yana ƙasar Turkey inda aka sani da Anatolia (Ancient-ta daɗeɗɗen lokacin) a kusa da shahararen garin Konya. A shekarar 1961 aka fara tono wannan mazauni na mutane wanda ya fi shekara 9500. Wannan wuri yana tsakanin tsaunuka (hills) biyu kuma abubuwan da aka tono sun nuna cewa mutane sun fara zama a babban gari kafin a wannan ƙasa Mesopotamia.
Saboda haka wataƙil idan bincike ya tabbata nan gaba wannan ƙasar ita ce za ta zama tushen Wayewar Kan Dan Adam. An tono gidaje 160 kuma ana zaton mazauna garin sun kai mutum 2,500. Gidajen ana shigarsu ne da tsani ta sama, idan an shiga sai a ɗauke, kuma babu tituna ko hanyoyi a tsakanin gidajen. An sami zane da fenti kalolin ja da baƙi da fari.
Masana suna zaton mazauna wannan wuri mafarauta da manoma ne saboda kayayyakin da aka samu kuma ƙasar wurin na da albarka saboda tana kusa da tabkin Carsamba. An sami sassaƙen abin bauta mai kan namiji da mace wanda yasa wasu suke zaton daidaiton maza da mata a wannan babban mazaunin mutane. Kuma kusa da wannan wurin an tono abubuwa a Nevalli Cori da Gobekli Tepe wanda ana ganin cewa mazaunin Neolithic ne shekara kamar 10000 zuwa 11500.
An kuma samu abubuwa da suka nuna harkar noma da kiwo. A Gobekli Tepe a dutsen Taurus an tono wurin bauta (cult sanctuary) kuma babban wuri wanda a ƙalla ana zaton mutum 500 suka yi aikinsa sun buƙaci kayan aiki masu da kuma tsarin gudanawar (logistics). A wani gari Hacilar kusa da Catal Huyuk an sami wata tukunya da aka yi ta kamar kan ɗan Adam wadda ta fi shekara 7500 (Hattstein 2009: 12-15).
Mesopotamia
Wayewar kan ɗan Adam ta fara ne daga lokacin da ya fara noma a ƙalla shekara 10000 a kusa da kogin Nile ta ƙasar Misira (Egypt) (Guest 1979: 5). Amma wasu masana tarihi irin su McNeil (1967: 11) suna da ra’ayin cewa a Mesopotamia aka fara noma tsakanin shekaru 10000 da kuma 8500 da suka shige.
A wannan lokacin mazauna Mesopotamia ana kiransu Sumerians sun fito daga Arewa kuma su “Caucasians” ne ba “Semites” ba ne wanda suka zo daga baya daga ƙasar Larabawa kuma suka mallaki ƙasar (Clement 1936: 71). Sumerians sun fara sarrafa muhallinsu da noma da kuma kiwo. Sun zo wannan wuri daga wasu ƙasashen saboda ni’imar wurin kuma kafin su fara noma su ma kiwo da kuma tara abubuwan tsirrai suke yi sannan kan su waye suka fara kafa ƙauyuka (Haughen 2009: 45).
Sun fara noman alkama da barley. Dabbobin su kuma su ne tumakai da awaki. Noman da suka fara shi ne ake kira da “slash and burn agriculture” wato idan ni’imar wuri ta ƙare sai su bar wurin su matsa gaba zuwa wasu shekaru kafin su dawo wurin.
Wannan irin noma ya faru ne a wuraren da suke da ruwan sama. Wuraren da babu ruwan sama kuma mutanen sun dogara da ruwan kogunan Euphrates da Tigris. Saboda haka suka ƙirƙiro dabarun ɗauko ruwa daga koguna zuwa gonaki a bakin kogunan. Wannan babban aiki ne mai buƙatar dubunnan mutane da kuma ƙwarewa da tsarin zamantakewa saboda abin ya fi ƙarfin ɗaiɗaikun magidanta.
Kafin wannan tsari magidanta suna noma kawai na abincin da zai ishe su kowa yana zaman kansa, sai dai kawai abubuwan da suka shafi biki da kuma tarukan addini. Amma noma a bakin koguna yasa tsarin zamantakewa ya canja. Ma’aikata sun ƙaru kuma dole aka samar da yanayin gudanar da aikin da samun masu ƙwarewa a harkar tafiyar da mutane (managerial elite).
Babu wanda yasan lokacin da aka fara samun ƙwararru amma dai ana zaton cewa lokacin da mutane suka fara yaƙar juna daga nan wasu suka fara nuna ƙarfinsu da ƙwarewarsu. Sannan kuma wanda suke da ilmin addini na wancan lokacin su ma suka fara bayyana kuma an hankali addinin mutanen Mesopotamia ya fara ƙarfi da ire-iren ibadunsu. Masu kula da sha’anin suka sa mutane suka fara yi wa abubuwan bautarsu hidima (McNeil 1967: 13).
An samu bayani irin na zane yadda rayuwa ta kasance a wani gari mai suna Lagash. Wannan gari an raba shi gida uku (ko ɓangarori uku) daidai da harajin da magidanta suke biya ga abin bautarsu a wannan lokaci. Masana tarihi sun yi bayani cewa harajin da mutanen garin ke biya ya fi ƙarfin kuɗin da suke samu daga amfanin noman damina.
Saboda haka dole su yi wani aikin ƙarfi a cikin shekarar don su biya harajin da shuwagabanin addininsu suka ɗora musu. Wannan yasa an ƙirƙiro noman rani (irrigation) mutane suna yin aiki a wuraren noman ana biyansu daga harajin da suka biya na kayan noman damina. Wasu kuma suna yin wasu ayyukan da shuwagabanin addinin suka sa su.
Wannan ayyuka da aka ƙirƙiro sun sa mutane sun bambanta a ƙwarewa iri-iri, kuma aka fara sana’oi kamar ƙirar gwal, sarrafa katako, ɗinki, zanen gidaje, kaɗe-kaɗe, waƙa da sauran abubuwan nishaɗi don farantawa abubuwan bauta.
Waɗannan ma’ikata ba sa yin noma saboda haka sun sami lokaci na ƙwarewa akan ayyukansu don ba su raba hankalinsu. Wannan yasa wayewar kai ta bayana a wannan garuruwa da suka kafu a tabkin Tigris da Eupharates 5000 zuwa 6000 lokacin da aka fara rubuta abubuwan da suke faruwa a wannan ƙasar ta Mesopotamia.
Danna nan don karanta Wayewar Kan Ɗan Adam 2
Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu
