Babahabu49
Gabatarwa
Kamar yadda lamarin yake a wasu harsuna, musamman ma Ingilishi tabbas akwai wata irin dangantakar ma’ana tsakanin kalmomin harshen Hausa inda za ka ga wasu kalmomi mabambanta, biyu ko fiye da haka, amma kuma suna ɗaukar ma’ana iri guda. Wato dai akan sami kalma biyu ko fin haka sun zama takwarori ta fuskar ma’ana.
Irin dangataka ita Sani ( 2009) ya kira da Tarayyar Ma’ana wadda kuma a Ingilishi aka kira synonym. Su kuwa kalmomin da irin wannan dangantaka ta shafa su ake kira synonyms a Turance wato Kalmomi takwarorin ma’ana. Masana da dama sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana me ake nufi da Takwarcin ma’ana kamar haka:
John I (2007) ya ce ” Takwarcin ma’ana na nufin wasu kalmomi mabambanta masu kama ma’ana guda ko kuma masu kusanci a wajen ma’ana”. Synonyms are different words which have the same or very similar meaning.
Yule (2007) ya ce, ” Takwarcin ma’ana na nufin kalmomi biyu ko fiye masu kusancin dangantaka ta fuskar ma’ana a gundarin su, sai dai sukan sami bambancin ma’ana a wani yanayi na ginin jimla”. Synonyms are two or more forms which have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence.
Yule (1988) ya ce, ” Kalmomi biyu ko fiye masu ɗauke da ma’ana mafi kusanci da juna, su ake kira da Takwarorin juna”. Two or more words with very closely related meaning are called synonyms.
Idan aka yi la’akari da bayanan masana ana iya cewa Takwarcin ma’ana na nufin wasu kalmomi masu ma’ana guda ko kuma masu ɗauke da ma’ana mafi kusanci da juna, ire-iren waɗannan kalmomi su ake kira da Takwarorin juna.
Misali:
1. Wundo da Taga
2. Adiko da Fatala
3. Akwati da Adaka
4. Waina da Masa
5. Mutuwa da Rasuwa
6. Hargitsi da Yamutsi.
7. Maciji da Sago.
Waɗannan duk misalai ne na takwarcin ma’ana a tsakanin kalmomin suna, sannan kawacce kalma a cikinsu za ta iya maye gurbin’yar uwanta ba tare da ta haifar da sauyin ma’ana ba.
Ire-iren Takwarcin Ma’ana
A harshen Hausa ana samun tarayyar ma’ana a tsakanin kalmomi musamman sunaye (nouns) da kuma aikatau ( verb).
Takwarcin Ma’ana Ta Sunaye
- Kyanwa da Dadiya da Mage da Kule
2. Hanya da Turba
3. Farce da Akaifa da Ƙumba
4. Buje da Fatari
5. Rushe da Garwashi da Rushi
6. Hargitsi da Yamutsi
7. Haraswa da Amai
8. Shadda da Masai da Salga
9. Aro da Rance
10. Kwankwaso da Ƙunguru.
Duk waɗannan jerin kalmomin sunaye ne a Hausa da suka sami takwartakar ma’ana. Kowacce kalma cikin waɗannan na iya maye gurbin ‘yar uwanta a cikin jumla ba tare da an sami sauyin ma’ana ba.
1.1. Takwarcin Ma’ana ta Aikatau ( verb):
Baya ga sunaye, aikatau na daga cikin rukunin kalmomin Hausa da lamarin tarayyar ma’ana ke shafa, inda za ka ga aikatau biyu ko fiye da haka amma suna da ma’ana iri ɗaya. Misali:
Ƙirga da Ƙidaya
Jaraba da Gwada
Karya da Ɓalla
Tanɗe da Lashe
Hari da Farmaki
Ƙasa da Raba
Mutu da Rasu
Fara da Soma
Gane da Fahimta
Dosa da Dinga.
Duk waɗannan jerin wasu ne daga cikin aikatan Hausa masu tarayyar ma’ana. A duk jerin kowacce kalma na iya zama a gurbi ‘yar uwanta a cikin jumla.
Hanyoyin Samar da Takwarcin Ma’ana
Masana irin su Palmer sun bayyana hanyoyi biyu da Takwarcin Ma’ana ke samuwa a cikin harshe, waɗannan hanyoyi kuwa su ne:
- Kare-karen Harshe
2. Aron kalma
Kare-karen Harshe:
Ana samun Takwarcin Ma’ana a dalilin wanzuwar kare-karen harshe, inda wata kalma ke samo asali daga wani karin harshe, ɗayar kalmar kuma daga wani karin harshen na daban duk a cikin harshe guda. Mu ɗauki harshen Hausa a matsayin misali; harshen Hausa na da kare-karen harshe da dama kuma kowanne karin harshen na da wasu kalmomi da suka keɓanta da shi kaɗai, kuma haka ake amfani da su a wannan yankin da wannan karin harshen ke wanzuwa.
Idan muka ɗauki karin harshen Sakkwato, A karin harshen Sakkwato suna amfani da Kalmar Abuya (Friend) a yayin da karin harshen Zazzaganci ke amfani da Ƙawa (Friend). Daɗin daɗawa karin harshen Zazzaganci na amfani da kalmar Mage (Cat) yayin da Kanonci ke amfani da Kyanwa (Cat), duk waɗannan misalai ne na takwarcin ma’ana, kuma sun samu ne a dalilin wanzuwar kare-karen harshe.
Aron Kalma:
Ana samun Takwarcin Ma’ana a dalilin wanzuwar aro a tsakanin harsuna inda wasu kalmomin tabbatattu ne a cikin harshe tun asali, wasu kuma cuɗanya ne tsakanin harsuna yasa aka aro su aka hankakantar da su, suka zamto tamkar na kalmomin asali na harshen Hausa. Muna iya buga misali da tsakanin harshen Hausa da harsunan Turanci da Larabci har da harbanci, ire-iren kalmomin da irin wannan takwarcin ya shafa sun haɗa da:
Duniya (Larabci) da Sarari (Hausa)
Mutuwa (Larabci) da Rashi (Hausa)
Amini (Larabci) da Aboki (Hausa).
‘Yasfaya (Turanci) da lalacewa (Hausa).
Cibi (Yabanci) da Cokali (Hausa).
Idan aka yi la’akari da waɗannan misalai za ga cewa duka kalmomin farko kalmomin aro wato dai ba kalmomin Hausa ba ne a asalinsu, sai sanadin aro tsakani harsuna ya sa suka zamto tamkar kalmomin Hausa.
Don karanta Daidaitacciyar Hausa danna nan
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
