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Tag: ilimin tarihi

  • Mulkin Soja Da Jamhuriyya Ta Uku (1983-1999)

    Mulkin Soja Da Jamhuriyya Ta Uku (1983-1999)

    Juyin mulkin soja da aka yi a 1983 ya faru ne a bikin sabuwar shekarar. Haɗin gwuiwar wasu manyan hafsoshin sojojin Nijeriya ne, suka yi haɗin gwuiwa, kuma hakan ya haifar da kifar da Jamhuriyar Nijeriya ta biyu da kuma sanya Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin Shugaban Ƙasa. Juyin mulkin soja na Muhammadu Buhari jim kaɗan bayan sake zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a 1984 ana ganin sa a matsayin wani ci gaba mai kyau. Buhari ya yi alƙawarin manyan gyare-gyare, amma gwamnatinsa ba ta yi kyau sosai fiye da wanda ta gabata ba. An hamɓarar da gwamnatinsa da wani juyin mulkin soja a 1985.
    An hambarar da Janar Buhari a shekarar 1985, bayan juyin mulkin soja, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Ibrahim Babangida, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa kuma ya zama shugaban sojoji da kwamandan sojoji a manyan hafsoshin sojojin. A 1986, ya ƙafa Ofishin Siyasar Najeriya a 1986 wanda ya ba da shawarwari ga sauyawa zuwa Jamhuriyar Nijeriya ta Uku.
    A cikin 1989, Babangida ya fara yin shirye-shirye don sauyawa zuwa Jamhuriyar Nijeriya ta Uku. Ya ba da izinin kafa jam’iyyun siyasa, sannan ya ƙirƙiro da tsarin jam’iyyu biyu, tare da Social Democratic Party (SDP) da Babban Taro na National Republican Council(NRC) gabanin babban zaben shekarar 1992 Ya buƙaci dukkan ‘yan Nijeriya da su shiga dukkan ɓangarorin, waɗanda marigayi Cif Bola Ige ya ambata da “hannayen kuturu guda biyu.” -A sashe biyu ɗin sun kasance shawarwarin ofishin Siyasa ne.
    A watan Nuwamba 1991, bayan da aka gudanar da ƙidaya, Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa (NEC) ta sanar a ranar 24 ga Janairun 1992 cewa duka majalisun dokoki biyu na babban taron ƙasa da na shugaban ƙasa za a yi a ƙarshen shekarar. An karɓi wani tsari na jefa ƙuri’a, wanda ake kira zaɓi na A4. Wannan tsari ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wani ɗan takarar da yake buƙatar wucewa ta hanyar karɓar duk zaɓaɓɓun mukamai daga Ƙaramar Hukuma, Gwamnatin Jiha da kuma Tarayya.
    Babangida ya tsira daga yunƙurin juyin mulkin Nijeriya na 1990, sannan ya jinkirta sake komawa ga alkawarin da aka yi wa dimokiradiyya zuwa shekarar 1992. Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1993 da aka yi a ranar 12 ga Yuni, na farko tun bayan juyin mulkin soja a 1983. – ya nuna ‘yan takarar Moshood Abiola da Babagana Kingiɓe na Social Democratic Party (SDP) sun kayar da Bashir Tofa da Slyvester Ugoh na babban taron Jam’iyyar National Republican (NRC) sama da miliyan biyu da dubu ɗari uku.
    Ko yaya, Babangida ya soke zaɓen? Wanda ya haifar da zanga-zangar fararen hula da suka rufe ƙasar cikin makonni. A watan Agusta na 1993, Babangida daga ƙarshe ya cika alkawarinsa na miƙa mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula, amma ba kafin naɗa Ernest Shonekan, shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya, An ɗauki tsarin mulkin Babangida a matsayin mafi cin hanci da rashawa, kuma yana da alhakin ƙirƙirar al’adar cin hanci da rashawa a Nijeriya.
    A ƙarshen shekarar 1993, gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Shonekan, ta taƙaice a tarihin siyasar ƙasar nan a cikin juyin mulkin soja a shekarar 1993, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar Sani Abacha, wanda ya yi amfani da ƙarfin soja wajen daƙile ci gaba da tashin hankalin farar hula. A 1995, gwamnati ta rataye masaniyar muhalli Ken Saro-Wiwa kan zarge-zargen kashe-kashen da ya yi wa dattawan Ogoni hudu.
    An gabatar da ƙarar ne a ƙarƙashin dokar Alien Tort Statute a kan Royal Dutch Shell da Brian Anderson, shugaban kamfanin na Shell na Nijeriya, sun yanke hukunci, ba tare da yanke hukunci ba a yayin da Shell ke ci gaba da musanta alhakin. Da yawa  miliyan dala asusun da aka gano zuwa Abacha an gano su a 1999.
    Wannan tsarin mulki ya kawo ƙarshe a shekarar 1998, lokacin da azzalumin sarki ya mutu a cikin gari. Ya saci kuɗaɗe don kashe asusu a bankunan yammacin Turai sannan ya sha alwashin shirya juyin mulki ta hanyar kamewa da karɓar janar da ‘yan siyasa. Wanda ya gaje shi,shi ne Janar ABDULSALAM ABUBAKAR, ya amince da sabon tsarin mulki a ranar 5 ga Mayu 1999 wanda ya ba da damar gudanar da zaɓuka masu yawa.

     

  • Noma A Najeriya

    Noma A Najeriya

    Aikin Noma a Najeriya reshe ne na tattalin arziki a Najeriya; yana ba da aikin yi ga kusan kashi 30% na yawan jama’ar har zuwa shekarar 2010. Ana canza sashen ta hanyar kasuwanci a ƙananan matakan matsakaita da manya.

    Fitar da abinci ya kai sama da kashi 70 na GNP na Najeriya a lokacin da aka samu ‘yanci; bayan shekaru ashirin da biyar, ya kusan zama koma baya ga kayan abinci wanda ya kai sama da kashi 50 na shigo da kayayyaki.

    Fitar da abinci ya ragu bayan samun ‘yanci; duk da cewa yankuna da dama na Saharar Afirka, sun kasance masu amfani; kuma suna iya samar da abinci, ta yadda kowane mai abinci ya fita; sai aka shigo da hatsi sama da sau bakwai.

    Saboda haka Gwamnatin Najeriya ta inganta yin amfani da takin gargajiya ba a cikin 1970s.

    A shekarar 1990, an gano hekta miliyan 82 daga cikin fadin ƙasar na kusan hekta miliyan 91 da ake nomawa. Kashi 42 na yankin da ake nomawa an yi noma. Mafi yawan wannan ƙasar an noma ta ne a ƙarƙashin tsarin daji na daji; inda ake barin ƙasa ba aiki na wani lokaci; don ba da damar sake sabunta halittar ƙasar.

    An rarraba kadada miliyan 18 a matsayin makiyaya ta dindindin, amma tana da damar tallafawa noman. Yawancin hekta miliyan 20 da gandun daji da dazuzzuka suka mamaye; suna da imanin cewa suna da damar noma.

    Riƙe kayan aikin gona ƙanana ne, kuma sun watse; kuma ana gudanar da noma da kayan aiki masu sauƙi. Babban noma ba na kowa bane. Aikin noma ya ba da gudummawar 32% ga GDP a 2001.

    Kayan Amfanin Gona

    Manya kayan amfanin gona sun haɗa da wake, shinkafa, dawa, da kashu, da rogo; da koko, da gyada, da danƙo, da soɓo, da masara (masara), da kankana, da gero, da dabino, da filawa; da shinkafa, da roba, dawa, da waken soya, da ayaba, da dawa.

    A da, Najeriya ta yi fice wajen fitar da man gyaɗa da na dabino. Amma tsawon shekaru yawan fitar da wannan kayan ya ragu. ‘Yan shekarun baya kamfanonin Najeriyar na gida sun fara fitar da; gyaɗa, kashu, kanwa, ganyen zogale, Ginger, koko da dai sauransu.

    Kayayyakin aikin gona na ƙasar sun faɗa cikin manyan kungiyoyi biyu; noman kayan abinci da ake samarwa don amfanin gida; da kuma fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje. Kafin yaƙin basasar Najeriya, ƙasar ta wadata kanta da abinci; amma ta ƙaru sosai bayan shekarar 1973.

    Gurasar da aka yi da alkama ta Amurka ta maye gurbin amfanin gona na gida; a matsayin abinci mafi arha mafi sauƙi. Tsakanin 1980 da 2016, samar da Yam ya ƙaru daga sama da tan miliyan 5 zuwa tan miliyan 44.

    Domin karanta cikakken bayani akan Jagoran Noman Masara A Nijeriya ko Jagoran Noman Shinkafa A Nijeriya danna nan

  • Halittun Tsirrai A Najeriya

    Halittun Tsirrai A Najeriya

    Najeriya tana da matuƙar baiwar da yawancin bishiyoyi waɗanda yawancinsu ‘yan asalin ƙasar ne, yayin da ‘yan kaɗan ke da ban sha’awa. Rahoton ya nuna cewa yawan kaso mafi yawa na gandun daji da mutum ya yi a cikin ƙasar, yana da rinjaye da nau’ikan nau’ikan na baƙi.

    Wannan ya samo asali ne daga zaton cewa bishiyoyi masu ban mamaki suna girma cikin sauri. Koyaya, nazarin ya kuma bincika ci gaban bishiyoyi na asali tare da na wasu nau’ikan halittu.

    Yawancin ƙasashe a Afirka suna fama da Cutar ciesan Baƙon Cutar (IAS). A shekarar 2004, kungiyar IUCN – World Conservation Union ta bayyana IAS 81 a Afirka ta Kudu, 49 a Mauritius, 37 a Algeria da Madagascar, 35 a Kenya, 28 a Masar, 26 a Ghana da Zimbabwe, da 22 a Habasha.

    Koyaya, abu kaɗan ne sananne game da IAS a cikin Najeriya, tare da yawancin rahotanni na fasaha da wallafe-wallafen dake ba da rahoton ƙasa da shuke-shuke masu mamaye 10 a cikin ƙasar.

    Baya ga masu mamaye tsire-tsire, Rattus rattus da Avian mura mura suma an dauke su IAS a Najeriya. Farkon shigowar IAS cikin Najeria ya fi yawa ta hanyar gabatarwar shuke-shuke wanda shuwagabannin mulkin mallaka suka yi, ko dai don itacen bishiyar daji ko kuma don abubuwan ado. Shigowar shuke-shuke zuwa Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka bayan an sami ƙwarin gwuiwa ta hanyar haɓaka ayyukan tattalin arziki, fara binciken mai na kasuwanci, gabatarwa ta jiragen ruwa, da kuma shigar da shuke-shuke na kayan kwalliya ta masu harkar kasuwanci.

    Saboda yawan amfani da ruwa, ragowar halittu da kuma gandun daji na farko a Najeriya an ƙayyade su ga wuraren da aka kiyaye waɗanda suka hada da wurin ajiyar halittu guda ɗaya, wuraren shaƙatawa na ƙasa guda bakwai, wurin tarihi na Duniya guda daya, Tsattsauran Yanayi 12 (SNRs), wuraren wasanni 32 / wuraren bautar namun daji, da kuma ɗaruruwan gandun daji. Waɗannan su ne ƙari ga wuraren da ake kiyayewa da yawa kamar su arboreta, lambunan lambu, lambun dabbobi, da bankuna ɗari da manyan makarantu da cibiyoyin bincike ke gudanarwa

    A cikin yankin busasshiyar bushashi da busasshiyar savanna ta Afirka ta Yamma, gami da Najeriya, yawancin nau’ikan dicots na ciyawa musamman daga jinsi na Crotalaria, Alysicarpus, Cassia da Ipomea an san su da yawa a cikin kiwon dabbobi.

    Sau da yawa ana fizge su ko a sare su, kuma a ciyar da su azaman sabo ko abincin dabbobi. Amfani da waɗannan da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a cikin yanayin gonar yana da dama.

    Akwai wasu nau’ikan halittu da yawa da suka fito daga Najeriya, gami da waken soya da ire-irenta, suna matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar samar da mai da furotin a wannan yankin. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ciyayin sun hada da, Euphorbiaceae, waɗanda suke da niyyar taimakawa malaria, cututtukan ciki da sauran cututtuka. Abubuwa daban-daban na damuwa kamar fari, ƙarancin abinci mai ƙarancin ƙasa da sauƙin kamuwa da kwari sun ba da gudummawa ga noman Masara ya kasance wani ɓangare na harkar noma a wannan yankin.

    Kamar yadda masana’antu suka ƙaru, hakan kuma ya sanya nau’ikan bishiyoyi a cikin dajin cikin haɗari ga gurbatacciyar iska, kuma bincike ya nuna cewa a wani ɓangare na Najeriya, bishiyoyi sun nuna juriya da girma a yankunan dake da matuƙar gurɓatacciyar iska.

    Domin karanta cikakken bayani akan Jagoran Noman Waken Soya danna nan.

  • Yanayi A Nijeriya

    Yanayi A Nijeriya

    Nijeriya tana da wurare daban-daban. Kudancin Kudu an bayyana shi da yanayi ɗuminta mai zafi, inda ruwan sama a shekara yake inci 60 zuwa 80 (1,500 zuwa 2,000 mm) a shekara. A kudu Maso Gabas akwai yankin Obudu Plateau. Ana samun filayen bakin teku a Kudu Maso Yamma da kuma kudu Maso Gabas.
    An ayyana wannan yanki na yankin kudu sosai a matsayin “fadamar ruwan gishiri”, wanda kuma aka fi sani da daushin mangrove saboda yawan mangroves a yankin. Arewacin wannan akwai gandun ruwa mai daɗi, wanda yake ɗauke da tsire-tsire daban-daban daga fadamar ruwan gishiri, kuma arewacin wancan shi ne dajin.
    Yankin da ya fi kowane yanki shimfida kasa a NIjeriya shi ne na kwaruruka na kogin Neja da Benuwai (wanda ya haɗe ya zama sifar Y). Ta kudu maso yamma na ƙasar Nijar akwai tuddai “mai ƙarko”. A kudu maso gabashin Benuwai akwai tsaunuka da tsaunuka, waɗanda suka samar da Mambilla Plateau, mafi tuddai a Nijeriya. Wannan tsaunukan ya ratsa ta kan iyaka da Kamaru, inda tsaunin tsauni yake daga cikin Bamenda Highlands na Kamaru.
    Yankin da ke kusa da kan iyaka da Kamaru kusa da gabar teku yana da dazuzzuzzukan daji da kuma wani yanki na gandun dajin bakin teku na Cross-Sanaga-Bioko, muhimmiyar cibiya ta rayuwar halittu masu yawa. Wuri ne don birin rawar soja, wanda aka samo shi a cikin daji kawai a cikin wannan yankin da kuma kan iyakar Kamaru.
    Yankunan dake kewaye da Calabar, Jihar Kuros Riba, kuma a cikin wannan dajin, an yi imanin cewa suna ɗauke da mafi girma a duniya na malam buɗe ido. Yankin Kudancin Nijeriya tsakanin Neja da Kuros Ribas ya rasa yawancin dajinsa, saboda ci gaba da girbi ta ƙaruwar yawan jama’a, tare da maye gurbinsa da ciyawa (duba gandun daji na Canja-Niger).
    Duk abin dake tsakanin Kudu maso Kudu da Arewa mai nisa shi ne savannah (murfin ita ce mara mahimmanci, tare da ciyawa da furanni dake tsakanin bishiyoyi). Ruwan sama ya fi iyakancewa, zuwa tsakanin milimita 500 zuwa 1,500 (20 da 60 a) a shekara. Yankuna uku na savannah su ne Guinean forest-savanna mosaic, Sudan savannah, da Sahel savannah. Guinan Guinea-savanna mosaic filayen babban ciyawa ne da bishiyoyi suka katse. Sudan savannah iri ɗaya ce, amma tare da gajerun ciyawa da gajerun bishiyoyi.
    Sahel savannah ya ƙunshi yankuna na ciyawa da yashi, wanda ake samu a Arewa maso Gabas. A yankin Sahel, ruwan sama bai wuce milimita 500 (20 a) a kowace shekara ba kuma hamadar Sahara tana cin karenta babu babbaka. A gaɓar Arewa maso gabashin ƙasar nan akwai tabkin Chadi, wanda Nijeriya ta yi tarayya da ƙasashen Nijar, Chadi da Kamaru.
  • Yanayi A Nijeriya

    Yanayi A Nijeriya

    Najeriya tana da matukar baiwar da yawancin bishiyoyi wadanda yawancinsu ‘yan asalin kasar ne yayin da’ yan kadan ke da ban sha’awa. Rahoton ya nuna cewa yawan kaso mafi yawa na gandun daji da mutum ya yi a cikin ƙasar yana da rinjaye da nau’ikan nau’ikan na baƙi.

    Wannan ya samo asali ne daga zaton cewa bishiyoyi masu ban mamaki suna girma cikin sauri. Koyaya, nazarin ya kuma bincika ci gaban bishiyoyi na asali tare da na wasu nau’ikan halittu.

    Yawancin ƙasashe a Afirka suna fama da Cutar ciesan Baƙon Cutar (IAS). A shekarar 2004, kungiyar IUCN – World Conservation Union ta bayyana IAS 81 a Afirka ta Kudu, 49 a Mauritius, 37 a Algeria da Madagascar, 35 a Kenya, 28 a Masar, 26 a Ghana da Zimbabwe, da 22 a Habasha.Koyaya, abu kaɗan ne sananne game da IAS a cikin Najeriya, tare da yawancin rahotanni na fasaha da wallafe-wallafen da ke ba da rahoton ƙasa da shuke-shuke masu mamaye 10 a cikin ƙasar. Baya ga masu mamaye tsire-tsire, Rattus rattus da Avian mura mura suma an dauke su IAS a Najeriya.

    Farkon shigowar IAS cikin Nigeria yafi yawa ta hanyar gabatarwar shuke shuke wanda shuwagabannin mulkin mallaka sukayi ko dai don itacen bishiyar daji ko kuma don abubuwan ado. Shigowar shuke shuke shuke shuke zuwa Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka bayan an sami kwarin gwiwa ta hanyar habaka ayyukan tattalin arziki, fara binciken mai na kasuwanci, gabatarwa ta jiragen ruwa, da kuma shigar da shuke-shuke na kayan kwalliya ta masu harkar kasuwanci.

    Saboda yawan amfani da ruwa, ragowar halittu da kuma gandun daji na farko a Najeriya an kayyade su ga wuraren da aka kiyaye waɗanda suka haɗa da wurin ajiyar halittu guda ɗaya, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda bakwai; wurin tarihi na Duniya guda daya, Tsattsauran Yanayi 12 (SNRs), wuraren wasanni 32 / wuraren bautar namun daji, da kuma daruruwan gandun daji.

    Waɗannan su ne ƙari ga wuraren da ake kiyayewa da yawa kamar su arboreta, lambunan lambu, lambun dabbobi, da bankunan ɗari da manyan makarantu da cibiyoyin bincike ke gudanarwa

    A cikin yankin busasshiyar bushashi da busasshiyar savanna ta Afirka ta Yamma, gami da Nijeriya, yawancin nau’ikan dicots na ciyawa musamman daga jinsi na Crotalaria, Alysicarpus, Cassia da Ipomea an san su da yawa a cikin kiwon dabbobi. Sau da yawa ana fizge su ko a sare su, kuma a ciyar da su azaman sabo ko abincin dabbobi. Amfani da waɗannan da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a cikin yanayin gonar yana da dama.

    Akwai wasu nau’ikan halittu da yawa da suka fito daga Najeriya, gami da waken soya da ire-irenta, suna matsayin muhimmiyar hanyar samar da mai da furotin a wannan yankin.

    Wasu daga cikin wadannan ciyayin sun hada da, Euphorbiaceae, wadanda suke da niyyar taimakawa malaria, cututtukan ciki da sauran cututtuka. Abubuwa daban-daban na damuwa kamar fari, karancin abinci mai ƙarancin ƙasa da saukin kamuwa da kwari sun ba da gudummawa ga noman Masara ya kasance wani ɓangare na harkar noma a wannan yankin.

    Kamar yadda masana’antu suka karu, hakan kuma ya sanya nau’ikan bishiyoyi a cikin dajin cikin hadari ga gurbatacciyar iska kuma bincike ya nuna cewa a wani bangare na Najeriya, bishiyoyi sun nuna juriya da girma a yankunan da ke da matukar gurbatacciyar iska.

    Domin karanta cikakken bayani akan Noma A Najeriya danna nan.

  • Shimfidar Ƙasa (Nijeriya)

    Shimfidar Ƙasa (Nijeriya)

    Najeriya tana yammacin Afirka a gabar tekun Guinea kuma tana da faɗin 923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi), [132] hakan yasa ta zama ƙasa ta 32 mafi girma a duniya. Ya kai kwatankwacin girmansa da Venezuela, kuma ya ninka girman ƙasar Amurka ta California. Iyakokinta sun kai kilomita 4,047 (2,515 mi), kuma tana da iyaka da Benin (kilomita 773 ko 480 mi), Nijar (kilomita 1,497 ko mi 930), Chadi (kilomita 87 ko 54 mi), da Kamaru (gami da raba yankin Ambazonia) 1,690 kilomita ko 1,050 mi. Yankin gabar bakin ta aƙalla kilomita 853 (530 mi). [133] Nijeria tana tsakanin latitude 4 ° da 14 ° N, da kuma longitude 2 ° da 15 ° E.
    Matsayi mafi girma a Nijeriya shi ne Chappal Waddi a 2,419 m (7,936 ft). Manyan kogunan su ne Neja da Benuwai, waɗanda suke haɗuwa kuma babu komai a yankin Neja Delta. Wannan shi ne ɗayan manyan koguna na duniya, kuma wurin babban yanki ne na mangroves na Afirka ta Tsakiya.

     

  • Tarayyar Nijeriya Wajen Hulɗa Da Ƙasashen Waje

    Tarayyar Nijeriya Wajen Hulɗa Da Ƙasashen Waje

    Bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, Nijeriya ta sanya haɗin kan Afirka ya zama jigon manufofinta na kasashen waje, kuma ta taka rawar gani a yaƙi da gwamnatin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. Wani abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga Afirka shi ne, dangantakar kut-da-kut da Nijeriya ta ƙulla da Isra’ila a tsawon shekarun 1960s. Theasar ta ƙarshe ta ɗauki nauyi da kuma lura da gina gine-ginen majalisar dokokin Nijeriya.
    An gwada manufofin ƙasashen waje na Nijeriya a cikin shekarun 1970 bayan ƙasar ta fita daga cikin yaƙin basasa. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi a kan gwamnatocin fararen fata tsiraru a  yankin Kudancin Afirka. Nijeriya ta goyi bayan African National Congress (ANC) ta hanyar yin tsattsauran ra’ayi game da gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu da matakan sojan da suke yi a Kudancin Afirka. Nijeriya kuma ta kasance memba mai kafa kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka (yanzu Tarayyar Afirka), kuma tana da matuƙar tasiri a Afirka ta Yamma da Afirka gaba ɗaya. Bugu da kari, Nijeriya ta ƙirƙiro ƙoƙarin haɗin gwuiwa a shiyyar a Afirka ta Yamma, tana aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar matsayin ƙungiyar bunƙasa tattalin arzikin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma (ECOWAS) da ECOMOG, ƙungiyoyin tattalin arziƙi da sojoji.
    Da wannan matsayar ta Afirka, Nijeriya ta tura sojoji cikin sauƙi a Congo, bisa umarnin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, jim kaɗan bayan samun ‘yancin kai (kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba tun wancan lokacin). Har ila yau, Nijeriya ta goyi bayan yawancin Pan-Afrika da gwamnatocin masu son kai a cikin 1970s, gami da samun tallafi ga MPLA ta Angola, SWAPO a Namibia, da taimakawa adawa ga ƙananan gwamnatocin Portugal na Mozambique, da Rhodesia.
    Nijeriya ta ci gaba da kasancewa memba a cikin ƙungiyar ‘Yan-ba-ruwanmu. A ƙarshen Nuwamba 2006, ta shirya wani taron ƙoli na Afirka da Kudancin Amurka a Abuja don inganta abin da wasu mahalarta suka kira haɗin Kudu-Kudu “ta fuskoki daban-daban. Nijeriya ma memba ce a Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya, da kuma Kungiyar Kasashe. An cire shi na ɗan lokaci daga ƙarshen a lokacin 1995 lokacin mulkin Abacha.
    Nijeriya ta ci gaba da kasancewa mamba a masana’antar mai ta kasa da kasa, tun daga shekarun 1970, kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa mamba a Ƙungiyar Ƙasashe Masu Arziƙin Man Fetur (OPEC), wacce ta shiga a watan Yulin 1971. Matsayinta na babbar mai samar da mai a fitattun ƙasashen duniya a wasu lokutan. Dangantaka da ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, musamman Amurka, da kuma kasashe masu tasowa.
    Miliyoyin ‘yan Nijeriya sun yi ƙaura a lokacin wahalar tattalin arziki, musamman zuwa Turai, Arewacin Amurka da Ostiraliya. An ƙiyasta cewa sama da ‘yan Nijeriya miliyan sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka kuma sun kasance al’ummar Amurka ta Amurka. Mutane daban-daban a cikin irin waɗannan al’ummomin na Diasporic sun shiga cikin kungiyar “Egbe Omo Yoruba”, Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Zuriyar Yarbawa a Arewacin Amurka.
    A watan Yulin 2019, jakadun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kasashe 37, ciki har da Nijeriya, sun rattaɓa hannu kan wata wasiƙa ta haɗin gwuiwa zuwa ga UNHRC dake kare kasar Sin game da cutar Uyghurs a yankin Xinjiang.
    Tun daga shekarar 2000, dangantakar cinikayya tsakanin Sin da Nijeriya ta tashi matuƙa. An samu ƙaruwar jimillar ciniki sama da dala miliyan 10,384 tsakanin al’ummomin biyu daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2016.  Ko yaya tsarin dangantakar cinikayya tsakanin Sin da Nijeriya ya zama babban batun siyasa ga ƙasar Nijeriya. An nuna wannan ta hanyar fitar da kayayyaki da kasar Sin ke fitarwa ya kai kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na jimlar adadin kasuwancin dake tsakanin kasashen biyu.
    Wannan ya haifar da rashin daidaiton kasuwanci, inda Najeriya ta shigo da sau goma fiye da yadda take fitarwa zuwa China. Bayan haka, tattalin arziƙin Nijeriya yana dogaro kacokam kan shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje mai rahusa, domin ciyar da kanta, wanda hakan ya haifar da faɗuwar masana’antar Nijeriya a bayyane ta irin waɗannan tsare-tsare.
    Nijeriya na iya fuskantar taɓaɓarewar matsayinta a cikin harkokin ƙasa da ƙasa idan an kammala sauyin duniya
    zuwa makamashi mai sabuntawa kuma buƙatun duniya na albarkatun mai ya daina. An tsara shi a cikin 149 a cikin ƙasashe 156 a cikin jadawalin Fa’idar Geopolitical da Asarar bayan canjin kuzari (GeGaLo).
     
  • Sojojin Nijeriya

    Sojojin Nijeriya

    An tuhumi sojojin na Nijeriya da kare Tarayyar Nijeriya, da tallata muradun tsaron duniya a Nijeriya, da tallafawa ƙoƙarin wanzar da zaman lafiya, musamman a Yammacin Afirka. Wannan tallafi ne ga koyarwar wani lokaci ana kiranta Pax Nigeriana.

    Sojojin Nijeriya sun ƙunshi SOJOJIN ƘASA, SOJOJIN RUWA, da SOJOJIN SAMA. Sojoji a Nijeriya sun taka rawar gani a tarihin ƙasar tun samun ‘yancin kai. Juntas daban-daban sun ƙwace ikon ƙasar kuma suka mulke ta a mafi yawan tarihinta. Zamanta na ƙarshe na mulkin soja ya ƙare ne a shekarar 1999 biyo bayan mutuwar ba-zata da tsohon mai mulkin kama-karya Sani Abacha ya yi a 1998. Magajinsa, ABDULSALAM ABUBAKAR, ya miƙa mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen shugaba wato Olusegun Obasanjo na dimokuradiyya a shekara 1999.
    A matsayinta na ƙasar da ta fi kowace ƙasa yawan jama’a a Afirka, Nijeriya ta sake tura sojojinta a matsayin rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya a Nahiyar. Tun daga 1995, an tura sojojin Nijeriya, ta hanyar umarnin ECOMOG a matsayin sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya a Laberiya (1997), Ivory Coast (199i- 1997), da Saliyo (1997 – 1991). A ƙarƙashin wani umarni na Tarayyar Afirka, ta girke dakaru a yankin Darfur na Sudan don ƙoƙarin samar da zaman lafiya.

    Domin sanin cikakkun bayanai a kan sojojin Nijeriya danna nan

  • Mulkin Farar Hula Da Jamhuriya Ta Biyu

    Mulkin Farar Hula Da Jamhuriya Ta Biyu

    A shekara ta 1977, an zaɓi majalisun dokoki don tsara sabon kundin tsarin mulki, wanda aka buga a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1978, lokacin da aka ɗage dokar hana yin siyasa. A shekarar 1979, jam’iyyun siyasa guda biyar sun fafata a jerin zaɓuka inda aka zabi ALHAJI SHEHU SHAGARI na jam’iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN).
    Obasanjo cikin aminci, ya miƙa mulki zuwa Shagari, ya zama shugaban ƙasa na farko a Tarihin Najeriya da son ransa ya sauka. Dukkanin jam’iyyun guda biyar sun sami wakilci a Majalisar Kasar. A watan Agusta 1983 aka dawo da Shagari da NPN kan madafan iko yayin gagarumar nasara, tare da mafi yawan kujerun Majalisar Wakilai da kuma ikon gwamnatocin jihohi 12.
    Amma tashin hankalin da rikice-rikice da zargin maguɗi da maguɗin zaɓe ya haifar da taƙaddama kan doka a kan sakamakon. A babban zaɓen da aka sanya a shekarar 1979, an zaɓi Alhaji Shehu Shagari kan dandamali na NPN.
    Tun daga 1979, ‘yan Najeriya suka shiga cikin komawar dimokradiyya lokacin da Olusegun Obasanjo ya miƙa mulki ga farar hula na mulkin Shehu Shagari. A ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 1979, aka rantsar da Shehu Shagari a matsayin Shugaba na farko da Babban Kwamandan Rundunar Sojin Tarayyar Najeriya.
    Sojojin sun yi shirin dawo da mulkin farar hula, suna ta aiwatar da matakan tabbatar da cewa jam’iyyun siyasa suna da cikakken goyon baya fiye da yadda aka shaida a lokacin Jamhuriyyar farko. Gwamnatin Shagari ta zama kamar cin hanci da rashawa ta kusan dukkan sassan al’umman Nijeriya. A shekara ta 1983 masu binciken kwastomomin Kamfanin Man Fetur na Najeriya (NNPC) sun fara lura da “jinkirin da guba ya yiwa ruwan ƙasar nan”. Amma akwai rashin tabbas, irin su jamhuriya ta farko, shugabannin siyasa za su iya yin shugabanci yadda ya kamata wanda zai sake kawo sabbin shugabannin mulkin soja.
  • Mulkin Soja Da Yaƙin Basasa A Nijeriya (1966-1979)

    Mulkin Soja Da Yaƙin Basasa A Nijeriya (1966-1979)

    Mulkin Soja Da Yakin Basasa (1966-1979)
    Rashin jituwa da rikice-rikice na zaɓe da tsarin siyasa ya faru, a cikin 1966, ƙungiyoyin soja na baya-baya. Juyin mulkin farko ya kasance a cikin watan Janairun 1966, kuma yawancin sojojin Igbo ne ke jagorantar su, ƙarƙashin Majors EMMANUEL IFEAJUNA da CHUKWUMA KADUNA NZEOGWU. Masu shirya juyin mulkin sun yi nasarar kashe SIR. AHMADU BELLO da ABUBAKAR TAFAWA ƁALEWA tare da manyan shugabannin yankin Arewa da kuma Primier SAMA’ILA AKINTOLA na Yammacin Yamma, amma waɗanda suka yi juyin mulkin sun yi ƙoƙarin kafa gwamnatin haɗaka. Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa NWAFOR ORIZU ya miƙa ragamar mulki ga Sojoji, sannan a ƙarƙashin umarnin wani jami’in Igbo, Janar JOHNSON AGUIYI-IRONSI.
    Daga baya, juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 1966, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga hannun jami’an soji na Arewacin ƙasar, ya kawo sauyin YAKUBU GOWON a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja. Tashin hankali ya tashi tsakanin Arewa da Kudu; Sannan Igbo a biranen Arewacin na fama da zalunci kuma yawancinsu sun gudu zuwa yankin Gabashi
    A watan Mayun shekarar 1967, Gwamnan Yankin Gabashin Laftanar Kanar EMEKA OJUKWU ya ayyana yankin a  mai ‘yanci, a matsayin wata ƙasa da ake kira Jamhuriyar BIAFRA, a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa. Wannan shelar ta haifar da yaƙin basasa na Nijeriya, wanda ya fara a yayin da ɓangaren gwamnatin Nijeriya ke yakar Biafra a ranar 6 ga Yulin 1967 a Garkem. Yaƙin na watanni 30, tare da tsawan dogon yaƙi na Biafra da keɓewa daga kasuwanci da kayayyaki, ya ƙare a cikin Janairu 1970.
    Adadin waɗanda suka mutu a tsohuwar Yankin Gabas yayin yaƙin basasa na watanni 30 ya kai daga miliyan ɗaya zuwa uku. Faransa, Misira, Tarayyar Soviet, Burtaniya, Isra’ila, da sauransu sun shiga cikin yaƙin basasa a bayan al’amuran. Burtaniya da Tarayyar Soviet su ne manyan masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Nijeriya; tare da Nijeriya ta yi amfani da tallafin iska daga matukan jirgin saman Masar wanda Gamal Abdel Nasser ya bayar, yayin da Faransa da Isra’ila suka tallafa wa Biafra. Gwamnatin Kongo, a karkashin Shugaba Joseph-Désiré Mobutu, ta yi tsayin daka kan matakin kafa kasar Biafra, tana mai bayyana cikakken goyon baya ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya, tare da tura dubunnan dakaru don yin yaƙi da masu ɓallewa.
    Bayan yaƙin, Nijeriya ta ji daɗin hauhawar mai a shekarun 1970, a lokacin ne ƙasar ta shiga OPEC da karɓar kuɗin mai mai yawa. Duk da waɗannan kuɗaɗen shiga, gwamnatin soja ta yi kaɗan ta inganta daidaiton rayuwar mazauna, taimaka wa ƙananan kamfanoni da matsakaita, ko saka jari a harkar. Yayin da kuɗaɗen shiga na man fetur ke ƙara hauhawa,hauhawar tallafin tarayya zuwa jihohi, gwamnatin tarayya ta zama cibiyar gwagwarmayar siyasa da kuma kusan karfin iko a kasar. Yayin da samar da mai da kuma kuɗaɗen shiga ya ƙaru, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta zama mai dogaro da kuɗaɗen shiga na mai da kasuwancin kayayyakin masarufi na kasa da kasa, saboda damuwa game da kasafin kuɗi da tattalin arziki. Juyin mulkin a watan Yulin 1975, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Janar SHEHU MUSA YAR’ADUA da JOSEPH GARBA suka hamɓarar da Gowon, waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Biritaniya.Waɗanda suka yi juyin mulkin suna son maye gurbin mulkin Gowon ne da wasu janar-janar uku waɗanda Kwamitin Sojoji zai iya bijiro da hukuncin. A saboda wannan nasarar, sun shawo kan Janar MURTALA MUHAMMAD ya zama shugaban mulkin soja, tare da Janar OLUSEGUN OBASANJO a matsayin janar na biyu, da Janar THEOPHILUS ƊANJUMA a matsayin na uku. Tare da haɗin gwuiwa, sun gabatar da matakan tallafi na daƙile hauhawar farashin kaya, da kafa Ofishin Bincike na Yankin Cin Hanci, da maye gurbin duk gwamnonin soja da sabbin jami’ai, tare da ɓullo da “Operation Deadwood” ta hanyar da suka kori jami’ai 11,000 daga aikin farar hula.
    Kanar BUKA SUKA DIMKA ya ƙaddamar da juyin mulkin a watan Fabrairun 1976 a kan Gwamnatin Nijeriya, lokacin da aka kashe Janar Murtala Mohammed. Dimka ya rasa cikakken goyon baya a tsakanin sojoji da juyin mulkin da ya yi, kuma hakan ya tilasta shi tserewa. Bayan yunƙurin juyin mulki, an naɗa Janar Olusegun Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban mulkin soja. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙasa, Obasanjo ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da manufofin Murtala. Sanin hatsarin dake tattare da raba kawunan ‘yan Arewacin Nijeriya, Obasanjo ya kawo Janar Shehu Yar’Adua a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa da kuma muƙami na biyu a matsayin shugaban Ma’aikata, Babban hedikwatar da ta kammala aikin soja, tare da Obasanjo a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, da Janar Theophilus Ɗanjuma a matsayin Babban Ma’aikatan Soja, ukun sun ci gaba da ƙoƙarin sake ƙwace iko da tsarin mulkin soja da tsara yadda za a sauya tsarin mulkin soja: jihohi da ƙirƙirar ƙasa, sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi da kwamitin tsara kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyyar Nijeriyar