Muhammad Sahal Aliyu
GABATARWA
Harshe hanya ce da ake isar da saƙo a tsakanin al’umma, amma kuma a wani tsarin na al’umma akan samu wasu rukunin mutane da suke samarwa da kansu wasu hanyoyi da suke sadarwa a tsakaninsu, waɗannan hanyoyi sun kasance su kaɗai ne suke fahimtar abin da suke furtawa da kuma wasu tsirarun mutane da sukan iya fahimtar abin da ake magana. Musamman a irin wannan lokaci, mutane sukan ƙirƙiri wasu kalmomi da za su rinqa magana da su waɗanda za su rinƙa sadarwa a tsakaninsu.
HARSHE
Masana da dama sun yi ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’anar harshe da cewa ;
Brown (1976);
“Tamkar jerin ma’ana ne cikin tsarin sauti”.
Yakasai (2012);
“Wata hanya ce ta bayyana kai da kuma hulɗa tsakanin juna wadda dabbobi ba su da irinta.” (Yakasai, 2012).
SLANG (SARA/YAYI)
Masana sun yi kai-komo wajen ƙoƙarin bayyana abin da ake nufi da sara/yayi (slang), daga cikin su akwai:
Prasad, T. (2009) ya bayyana sara/yayi da cewa:
“Sara na nufin sauya wasu kalmomi ko kuma jimloli a cikin magana don ɓoye ainihin ma’anar kalma ko kalmomi na asali.”
Sara ko yayi na nufin wasu ƙirƙirarrun kalmomi ne ko kuma jimloli da ake son amfani da su a yayin da aka yi yunƙurin sakaya ma’anar wasu zantuka da ake son yi ko kuma aka yi. Wasu daga cikin al’umma musamman matasa ɓangaren maza da mata sukan sakaya wasu zantuka ta hanyar amfani da wasu kalmomi don burgewa ko kuma don samar da nishaɗi.
Yule, G. (1985) shi ma ya bayyana abin da ake nufi da slang (yayi/sara) da cewa:
“Sara na nufin wani ado ne a tsakanin matasa kamar yadda kaya ko sutura da ake yayi a tsakanin al’umma.”
Irin wannan sara ko yayi da yake samuwa, yana faruwa ne a tsakanin matasa masu ƙananan shekaru, amma kuma a wani lokacin manya ma sukan ara su yafa lokaci bayan lokaci. Wannan na faruwa ne musamman a wurin sana’a ko makarantu ko kuma wasu wuraren motsa jiki, a wani lokacin har wuraren wasa ma da yake ɗauke da matasa akan sami irin wannan sara ko yayi.
Misalan sara da ake iya samu:
Kalmomi Ma’anarsu
- Bogi Abu mara kyau
- Bula Ƙarya
- Yawa Jizgi/yarfawa
- Cakwai Abu da yake daidai
- Kankana Mace wacce ta balaga
- ‘Yan shila Mace wacce take gab da balaga
- Faka-faka Abin da aikata shi da gaggawa
- Sai ka sha Gaisuwar girmamawa
- Dar Maganar da aka yi ba tsoro
- Sai da kai Jinjina
- Jagwal Abu ko kaya mara kyau
- Da mutum Sallama yayin shiga wani wuri
- Barewa Budurwa
- Asawanya Mahaifiya
- Yanyana Ƙanuwa
- Baru Aure
- Taku Wayau/Dabara
- Basaja Ɓad da kama
- Bige Shirme/Shiririta
- Jar miya Morewa
- Sharholiya Jin daɗi/Shagali
- Buɗawa Mutuwa
- Ware Tafiya
HANYOYIN SAMAR DA KALMOMIN SARA/YAYI (Slang)
Kamar yadda bayani ya gabata game da sara, an ga cewa sara wasu zantuka ne da matasa kan aiwatar a lokacin da buƙatar hakan ta taso, don haka a nan za mu ga yadda matasan suke samar da sara a tsakaninsu. Daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin akwai:
Ƙirƙira: Kamar yadda aka sani ne Bahaushe kan yi ƙirƙirar kalma ko kalmomi don ya samarwa da kansa hanyar sadarwa, don haka sai aka bi hanyar ƙirƙira wajen yin sara. Kuma su waɗannan kalmomin ana samar da su ne a cikin harshen gida (Harshen Hausa).
Rashin Kalmomin: Tabbas a lokacin da matasa kan yi ƙoƙarin yin sara akan rasa kalmomin da za a yi amfani da su, amma hakan ba ya hana su yin sara.
Wadatar Kalmomi: Tabbas duk harshen da yake da wadatatun kalmomi a cikin rumbunsa na kalmomi to dole a samu cewa an yo sababbin kalmomi don samar da wata sabuwar hanyar sadarwa a tsakanin wasu al’umma.
AMFANIN SARA/YAYI
Shi wannan sara da matasa ke yi yana da alfanu da yake ɗauke da shi, ga su kamar haka:
- Gwanancewa wajen iya sarrafa harshe.
- Magana cikin sirri.
- Samar da sabbin kalmomi a cikin harshe (Ƙirƙira).
- Ƙara kaifin ƙwaƙwalwa.
- Sanin dabarun kauce ma shiga haɗari.
- Isar da saƙo cikin sauƙi.
ILLAR SARA/YAYI (Slang)
Duk da kasancewa an kawo wasu alfanu da wannan sara take ɗauke da shi, hakan ba shi zai sa a rasa wasu illoli da sara ke ɗauke da shi ba:
- Gurɓacewar harshe.
- Ɓacewar kalmomin asali.
- Rashin sanin ma’anar wasu kalmomi na harshe.
- Gurɓacewar tarbiyya.
KAMMALAWA
Haƙiƙa sara/yayi wata sabuwar hanya ce ta isar da saƙo a tsakanin mutane kuma sannan hanya ce ta sanya samuwar ko ɓulluwar sababbin kalmomi a cikin harshe. Kamar yadda aka ga rashin alfanun sara, amma hakan bai sa an nuna amfani sara ba musamman ma wajen haɓaka harshe a idon al’umma.
MANAZARTA
Holmes J. And Pride J.B (1971): Sociolinguistics, Penguim Book Ltd.
Tarni, P. (2009): “The Deep Structure And Surface Structure Of Gayo Language Indonesia”. Idonesia University.
Yakasai (2012), Jagoran Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Garkuwa Media Services LTD Sokoto Nigeria.
Yule, G. (1985): “Investigating Aspect of The Language Learner’s Confidence: An Application of The Theory of Signal Detection.” Cambridge University.
Don karanta Matakin Fara Karatu Da Rubutun Hausa danna nan
MUHAMMAD SAHAL ALIYU
07065994177
2025
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
