Wannan babi yana ƙunshe da bayanan da suka danganci farfajiyar ƙasar Hausa a jiya da yau. An kuma duba yanaye-yanayen ƙasar Hausa dangane da mutanenta da halin zamantakewa da shugabanci da addininsu da kuma hanyoyin tattalin arzikinsu. Daga nan sai aka yi bayani kan ƙaura da shigowar baƙi ƙasar Hausa da matsayin Hausawa a yau.
Farfajiyar Ƙasar Hausa Jiya da Yau
Yana da matuƙar mahimmanci kafin mu baje kolin wannan nazari mu yi waiwaye domin sanin wurin da ƙasar Hausa take a jiya da kuma a yau. Ƙasar Hausa ta asali tana a Afrika ta Yamma ne, a farfajiyar da take tsakanin hamadar Sahara da dazuzzukan da suka doshi gaɓar tekun Atlantika daga kudu. Kuma ana kiran ƙasar da sunan Sudan ta Yamma, wato tsakanin Tafkin Chadi da gwiwar Kogin Kwara a can Yamma (Alhassan, 1982:1).
A wata faɗar kuma an bayyana cewa ƙasar Hausa tana shimfiɗe ne a can Arewacin Nijeriya da kuma kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar cikin Afrika ta Yamma. Daga Gabas ta yi iyaka da ƙasashen Borno. Daga Yamma ta yi iyaka da ƙasashen Dahomey a gaɓar Kogin Kwara. Daga Arewa ta yi iyaka da ƙasar Adar a cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar. Daga wajen Kudu kuma ta yi iyaka da ƙabilun Gwari da kuma ƙabilun kudancin Zariya da na Kudancin Bauchi (Ibrahim, 1982:1).
Ƙasar Hausa wadda tana shimfiɗe a shiyyar Sudan ta tsakiya, a tsari irin na gargajiya a iya cewa ta haɗa da ƙasashen sarakunan Katsina da Kano da Daura da Zazzau (idan aka ɗebe kudancin Zazzau) da Argungu da Gwandu da Gumel da Haɗejiya da Ƙwanni da Maraɗi da Tassawa.
Ni kuma a nawa hasashen ina ganin a yau, ƙasar Hausa yanki ne wanda ya mamaye dukkan Jihohin Katsina da Kano da Zamfara da Sakkwato da Arewacin Jihar Kaduna da wasu ɓangarori na Jihohin Kabi da Bauchi da Gwambe da Neja da kuma kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar.
Yanaye-Yanayen Ƙasar Hausa
Mafi yawancin sassan ƙasar Hausa yana shimfiɗe ne kuma yana da yawan sarari, amma duk da haka akwai tsaunuka da tuddai a wasu wurare kamar Dutsin Dala da na Gwauron Dutse a Kano da Dutsin Dutsin-ma a jihar Katsina da Dutsin Kwatarkwashi a jihar Zamafara da Duwatsun Kufena a Zariya da sauransu.
Akwai ‘yan dazuzzuka waɗanda suka haɗa da dajin Rugu wanda ya ratsa jihohin Katsina da Zamfara da dajin Falgore wanda ya ratsa jihar Kano da wani ɓangare na lardin Zazzau a jihar Kaduna. Yanayin dajin da yake a ƙasar Hausa iri biyu ne, da wanda ake kira “Sahel”, wato irin dajin da ake samu a arewa, da kuma dajin “Savanna” wanda ake samu a kudancin ƙasar.
Akwai ƙarancin itatuwa a dajin “Sahel” kuma mafi yawancinsu gajeru ne. A lokacin rani da yawa daga cikin ganyayen da suke wannan daji sukan kakkaɓe, idan kuma damina ta kusa zuwa sai su fara tohuwa. Ciyawar da ake samu a wannan daji dabbobi kan cinye rabi su tattake rabin, amma da an yi ruwan tohon geza duk sai ta tsiro a ko’ina. Wuraren da wannan daji ya mamaye sun haɗa da dukkan kudancin Jamhuriyar Nijar da arewacin ƙasar Hausa a sassan jihohin Katsina da Kano da Jigawa da Zamfara da Sakkwato da Kabi.
Daga dajin “Sahel” idan aka yi kudu kaɗan sai dajin “Savanna”. A irin wannan daji, itatuwa sun fi tsawo da kusanci da juna, haka kuma ana samun ganyaye da ciyayi da suke shekara cikin ɗanyantakarsu wato kore. Ana samun yanayin irin wannan daji a kudancin jihar Katsina da Lardin Zazzau a jihar Kaduna da Lardin Kabi da Yawuri a jihar Kabi da Kwantagora a jihar Neja (Alhassan, 1982:2-3).
Duk faɗin ƙasar Hausa manyan koguna biyu ne suka ratsa ta cikinta da kogin Rima da kogin Haɗejiya. Kogin Rima shi ne ya taso daga ƙasar Zamfara ya malala ya yi Arewa zuwa cikin Jamhuriyar Nijar, daga nan sai ya karkata kudu ya bi ta yammacin Sakkwato ya je ya faɗa cikin kogin Kwara. Kogin Haɗejiya kuwa ya fara daga ƙasar Kano ya gangara ya yi gabas, ya bi ta Jama’are a jihar Bauchi, ya bi ta Gashuwa da Gaidam a jihar Yobe ya faɗa tabkin Chadi (Alhassan; 1981:3).
Ta fuskar yanayin shekara ƙasar Hausa tana da yanayi iri biyu, lokacin damina da lokacin rani. Ana samun ruwan sama a lokacin damina wanda yakan fara daga watan bakwai na Hausa (Mayu) zuwa watan sha ɗaya na Hausa (Oktoba), kuma ruwan da ake samu ba mai yawa ne ƙwarai ba, amma duk da haka yana da albarka da biyan buƙatun manoma. Shi kuma lokacin rani yana farawa daga watan goma sha biyu na Hausa (Nuwamba) zuwa watan shida na Hausa (Afrilu), ya kuma rabu biyu wato lokacin ɗari da lokacin zafi ko bazara.
Mutanen Ƙasar Hausa
Mutanen ƙasar Hausa su ne ake kira Hausawa waɗanda masana da manazarta daban-daban suka kawo ra’ayoyinsu kan waɗanda suke ganin cewa su ne Hausawa. A ra’ayin wani masani ya bayyana cewa Hausawa su ne mutanen da suke zaune a ƙasar Hausa tun tuni, kuma suna magana da harshen Hausa a matsayin harshen uwa (Ibrahim, 1982:1)
Wani masanin kuma yana ganin, Hausawa sun haɗa da mutanen nan waɗanda saboda ƙaura da magabatansu suka yi daga ƙasar Hausa zuwa wasu sassa da ke maƙwabtaka ta kusa ko ta nesa da ƙasar Hausa, ko da kuwa ba sa magana da harshen Hausa ko yin al’adun Hausawa sun ɗauka su Hausawa ne. Misali, Abakwariga da suke zaune a Jihar Taraba ta Nijeriya da kuma wasu da suke iƙirarin su Hausawa ne waɗanda suke zaune a ƙasashen Cote de Voire da Burkina Faso da Mali (Adamu, 1974:3).
Akwai kuma waɗanda saboda ƙaura da magabatansu suka yi zuwa ƙasar Hausa sun manta da harshensu da adabinsu da al’adunsu na asali sun ɗauki na Hausawa. A taƙaice sun koma Hausawa a harshe da adabi da al’ada. Misalin ire-iren waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da Barebari da Kambarin Barebari da Barebarin Katsina da Buzaye da wasu Fulani (Adamu, 1974:4).
Wani masanin kuma ya bayyana cewa Hausawa dai su ne mutane waɗanda harshensu shi ne Hausa, sannan dukkan al’adunsu da tadodinsu na Hausa. Haka kuma addinin Musulunci ya yi cikakken tasiri a kansu (Magaji, 1986:3).
Mutanen ƙasar Hausa suna tafiyar da hanyoyin zamantakewarsu da shugabancinsu da addininsu da tattalin arzikinsu don cimma burin rayuwarsu na yau da kullum daidai da yanaye-yanayen ƙasarsu. Wannan ne ya ƙara taimaka masu suka kai ga matsayin da suke a yanzu, ya kuma ƙara taimakawa wajen shigowar baƙi wannan ƙasa.
Danna don karanta Sana’ar Wanzanci Da Sauye-sauyen Zamani Jiya Da Yau (Shimfiɗa)
Wannan bayani an ciro shi ne daga kindin bincike mai taken: SANA’AR WANZANCI DA SAUYE-SAUYEN ZAMANI JIYA DA YAU wanda BASHIR ALIYU SAFANA SALLAU WANDA AKA GABATAR A TSANGAYAR FASAHA DA ADDININ MUSULUNCI SASHEN KOYAR DA HARSUNAN NIJERIYA JAMI’AR BAYERO, KANO, DOMIN CIKA WANI ƁANGARE NA SAMUN DIGIRI NA UKU (Ph.D) A FANNIN HAUSA
MAYU 2009/JUMADA ULA 1430
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
