Ilimin Ma’ana (Semantics)

Sahal Aliyu

JADDADA MA’ANA (ENTAILMENT)

GABATARWA
Masana da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu dangane da nazarin ma’ana. Kasancewar ma’ana wani ɓangare ne na kimiyyar harshe wanda ya ta’allaƙa a kan ma’ana.

MA’ANAR HARSHE

Sapir (1956) ya bayyana harshe da cewa “wata hanya ce ta bayyana kai da kuma hulɗa a tsakanin mutane waɗanda dabbobi ba su da irin ta.” Semantics kalma ce ta Ingilishi wacce ta samo asali daga “Semantikos” ta harshen Girkanci, wadda take nufin yin fiɗa ko ƙirƙira ko furta kalmomi (making of signs).

Shi dai ilimin ma’ana (semantics) fanni ne ko reshe ne na kimiyyar harshe da ya raja’a wajen yin nazarin ƙwaƙƙwafi tare da samar da gaskatattun bayanai game da ma’ana, walau ta kalmomi ko ta jimloli ko kuma zantuka.

Ilimin harsuna bai taƙaita kaɗai a ɓangaren ƙwarewa wajen sanin ma’anar ɗaiɗaikun kalmomi ba. Tabbas kalmomi na haɗuwa ta hanyoyi mabambanta don samar da ma’anoni ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda haka, kalmomi na bayyanuwa wajen nuna dangantakar ma’ana a cikin jimla. Waɗannan dangantakar ma’ana ana samun su ne a wasu fagen nazari kamar haka;

Paraphrase
Ambiguity
Tautology
Presupposition
Entailment
Redundancy
Anomaly
Da dai sauransu.

Amman mu a nan, za mu yi magana ne a kan abin da ya shafi “Entailment”.
Entailment na nufin dangata tsakanin wata jimla da wata jimla wajen fayyace ko jaddada ma’anar jimlar farko daga jimla ta biyu wajen jaddada ma’ana. Misali;

Lee kissed Kim passionately.
Lee kissed Kim.
Kim was kissed by Lee.
Kim was kissed.
Lee touched Kim with her lips.

Judas murdered Sinbad
Judas killed Sinbad.
Sinbad was killed by Judas.
Sinbad was killed.

Aliyu ya tafi kasuwa`
Kasuwa Aliyu ya tafi.
Ya tafi kasuwa Aliyu.
Aliyu kasuwa ya tafi.

Audu ya zauna
Zama audu ya yi.
Audu zama ya yi.

Halima ta siya takalmi
Takalmi Halima ta siya.
Ta siya takalmi Halima.

Sahal ya sha ruwa
Ruwa Sahal ya sha.
Ya sha ruwa Sahal.

Umar ya tsinka takalmi
Takalmi umar ya tsinka.
Tsinka takalmi umar ya yi.
Umar takalmi ya tsinka.

Amina ta haihu
Jego amina ke yi.
Amina na jego.
Amina jego take yi.

Ya’u ya sayi mota
Mota Ya’u ya siya.
Ya’u mota ya siya.

Musa ya ɗinka riga
Riga musa ya ɗinka.
Musa riga ya ɗinka.
Ɗinka riga musa ya yi.

Adamu ya shiga gida
Adamu gida ya shiga.
Gida Adamu ya shiga.

Halima ta soya ƙwai
Soya ƙwai Halima ta yi.
Ƙwai Halima ta soya.
Halima ƙwai ta soya.

Idan muka dubi waɗannan misalan na jimlolin, za mu ga cewa duk ana magana ne a kan abu ɗaya ba tare da canzawar ma’ana ba, kuma za mu ga cewa duk sauran jimlolin suna ƙara yi mana bayani ne a jimlar farko. Amman idan muka dubi wannan misalin ;

Lee married Kim
Kim kissed Lee.
Lee kissed Kim many times.
Lee did not kiss Kim.

A waɗannan misalan za mu ga cewa ba a sami entailment ba, domin kuwa waɗannan jimlolin guda uku babu wacce take yi mana bayani ko take ƙara fayyace mana haƙiƙanin bayanin jimlar farko.

KAMMALAWA

Duba da yadda bayanai suka gabata game da ilimin harsuna da bayani game da ilimin ma’ana tare da yin tsokaci a kan “entailment” da kuma misalai, an gamsu kuma an fahimci abin da ake kira da “entailment”.

MANAZARTA

Gennaro Chierchia and Sally Mcconnell-Ginet, Meaning and Grammar (2000) : An Introduction to Semantics, MIT Press.
Gramley, S. (2001) The vocabulary of world English. London:Arnold.

Kearns, Katherine 2000. Semantics. London: Macmillan.
Raymond Hickey, English Linguistics Language Meaning and Use.

Danna nan don karanta Adana Harshe (LANGUAGE PRESERVATION)

MUHAMMAD SAHAL ALIYU
07065994177

Edita@rumasau-kallamu