Kafin a fassara Wayewar Kai (Civilization da turanci) sai an fassara wasu kalmomi masu alaƙa da shi kamar yadda masanin tarihi Arnold Toynbee ya yi (Toynbee 1988). Wannan kalmomin su ne Society da kuma Culture saboda idan aka fassara su za a samu kyakkyawar fahimtar Wayewar Kai (Civilization).
Society wanda za a iya fassara shi a matsayin al’umma yana nufin duk alaƙa da zamantakewar mutanen da suke cikin wannan al’ummar ba wai tarin mutanen ba kawai. Tarin mutane ana kiransa Crowd wanda za a iya tara su, ko a watsa su ko a kashe su saɓanin zamantakewarsu wanda ba jiki ba ne.
Culture ana fassara ta a matsayin al’ada, kuma tana nufin ƙa’idojin mu’amalar mutane da kuma duk abinda suka ɗauke shi mai kima (Toynbee 1988: 43). Wayewar kai (Civilization da turanci), akwai bambancin ra’ayi akan manufar wannan kalmar.
Dalili shi ne a ɓangaren ilmin zamantakewa (social science) ba a samun ma’anar kalmar karɓaɓɓiya ba. Kowane masani yana tabbatar da fahimtarsa yayin da yake fito da ma’ana, kuma suna canjawa da zamani da kuma marubuci.
Kamar yadda Claude Levi-Strauss ya faɗa cewa mutanen suna iya ba wa kalmar ma’anar da ta dace, mutuƙar, za su ba da dalilinsu (Braudel 1987: 3). Amma an yi ittifaƙi cewa Civilization ko wayewar kai ta nuna cigaban al’umma ne daga asali. Misali Ɗan Adam ya sami cigaba daga farauta da tara tsirrai zuwa ga manomi mazauni a wuri ɗaya.
Yawancin mutane suna ɗaukar shekara 200 zuwa 400 kafin su cigaba daga matsayin mafarauta da tara tsirrai zuwa manoma. Amma kuma noma yana tafiya tare da farauta zuwa tsahon lokaci (Adler 1996: 7).
Civilization kalma ce ta turanci wanda ta samu asalinta daga kalmar civis ta harshen Latin wadda ta ke nufin citizen mazaunin city babban gari. Kalmar ‘Civilization’ an fara amfani da ita ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, a Fransa. An samo ta ne daga “Civilized” da kuma “to Civilize” wanda an daɗe ana amfani da su a ƙarni na 16.
A shekarar 1732 Civilization ana amfani da ita a ilmin Shari’a (Jurisprudence) ne kawai, a wannan lokaci tana nufin hukunci wanda ya mayar da trial daga criminal zuwa civil (Braudel 1987: 3). Amma wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar mutumin Faransa ne masanin tattalin arziƙi mai suna Anne Robert Jacques Turgot a shekarar 1752 (Ferguson 2011: 2).
Shi wannan marubuci ya yi amfani da kalmar lokacin da yake rubuta tarihinsa na duniya amma kuma bai buga littafin ba. An fara buga Kalmar a shekarar 1756 a wani littafi mai suna Treatise on Population na Victor Riqueti (Braudel 1987: 3).
Daga baya turawan ingilishi suka karɓi kalmar Civilization. Faransanci ya fi ingilishi kusanci da harshen Latin inda aka samu civis. Saboda Civilization (Wayewar Kai) ta samu asali daga civis (city) shi yasa masana suka ce (Civilization) ba zai yiwu ba sai cikin mazauna babban gari (city) inda kalmar ta samu asali. Amma kuma birni ɗaya tak ba zai iya kafa Wayewar Kai (Civilization) birane su haɗu su zama jinsinsa ba.
Misali kamar ƙasar Mesopotamia tana da birane da suka kasance tushen wayewar ta. Akwai taƙaddama ko za iya samun wayewar kai ba a cikin birni ba wato a ƙauyuka? An samu garuruwa da suke tafarkin wayewa amma kuma ba za a kwatanta su da manyan birane ba.
Wannan fassarar wayewar kai mai alaƙa da birnanci da Bagby ya yi ta samu karɓuwa a wurin Toynbee wanda ya ƙara da cewa wayewa ba za ta yiwu ba sai dole an samu wasu mutane a cikin al’umma suna aikin da bai shafi noma ko sarrafa abinci ba wato suna yin ayyuka da suka shafi ƙira, ciniki, da kuma wanda ba sa yin ayyukan tattalin arziki, wato kamar kula da sha’anin addini da kuma gudanar da mulki da sauransu (Toynbee 1988: 44).
Wayewar Kai (Civilization) shi ne koluwar tsarin na Ɗan Adam ya fi daula (sophistication). Kuma asalinsa ya faru ne saboda Ɗan Adam ya mallaki muhalinsa ya kuma samar da isasshen abinci, da ruwa da matsuguni da kuma tsaron al’umma daga hare-hare.
Yana ƙunsar al’ada amma ba koyaushe ba, haka kuma da addini shi ma wani lokacin da kuma harsuna. A bisa wannan ra’ayi ne wasu masana suke ganin kafin wannan zamanin Wayewar Kai (Civilization) guda biyar kawai aka yi su ne: West (Yammacin Turai), da India, da China, da Byzantium da Islam, wannan shi ne ra’ayin Adda Bozeman.
Shi kuwa Mathew Melko guda goma sha biyu ya lissafa, bakwai sun shuɗe su ne: Mesopotamia da Egyptian da Cretan da Classical da Byzantine da Middle American da Andean. Kuma biyar suna nan su ne: Chinese da Japanese da Indian da Islamic da Western shi kuwa Samuel Eisenstadt ya mai da su shida ya ƙara da Jewish (Ferguson 2011: 3).
Shi kuwa Toynbee a tasa fahimtar ba su zama ƙasa da ishirin ba, kuma wasu suna rushewa wasu na tashi (Hughes-Warrington 2015: 112). Alaƙa tsakanin wannan jinsinan Wayewar Kai da kuma tsakaninsu da muhallinsu tana kawo juyi a tarihin rayuwar Ɗan Adam.
Kuma suna daɗewa ba su canja ba saboda haka Wayewar Kai (Civilization) shi ne tarihin da ya fi kowane tsaho kuma yake wanzuwa a cikin al’umma da kuma tattalin arziki kamar yadda masanin tarihi Ferdinand Braudel ya bayyana (Ferguson 2011: 3).
Danna nan don karanta Cinikin Bayi a Tarihin Afrika
Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu
