Ƙasar Jordan (Al-Urdunn) tana daga cikin ƙasashen Gabas ta tsakiya da suka fi ƙaranci a girma amma suka fi zurfin tarihi. Tarihinta ya fara tun kafin rubutaccen tarihi, tun lokacin da bil’adama ya fara zaman ƙauyuka, noma, da kasuwanci a yankin. Jordan ta kasance gada ce ta haɗa Afirka, Asiya da Turai, lamarin da ya sa manyan dauloli da wayewaye suka riƙa wucewa, zama, da mulkar yankin.
Tun kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), shaidu sun nuna cewa yankin Jordan ya kasance wurin zama tun zamanin Neolithic, kimanin shekaru 9000 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), inda mutane suka fara noma da kiwo, da gina ƙananan ƙauyuka.
A hankali, yankin ya bunƙasa, ya zama cibiyar hulɗar kasuwanci da al’adu tsakanin yankuna daban-daban. A tsakanin ƙarni na 12 zuwa na 5 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), yankin Jordan ya kasance ƙarƙashin masarautu na gargajiya irin su Ammoniyawa, Moabiyawa, da Edomiyawa.
Waɗannan masarautu sun yi tasiri sosai a addini, siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe na yankin Sham, kuma ana ambatonsu a littattafan tarihi da na addini. Daga bisani, wata ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta taso, wato Nabatiyawa, waɗanda suka kafa birnin Petra, wanda ya zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci da ke haɗa kasuwannin Larabawa, Masar, da Rumawa.
A shekarar 63 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa (AS), Daular Roma ta karɓi iko da yankin Jordan. A wannan lokaci, birane kamar Jerash (Gerasa) sun bunƙasa sosai, inda aka gina manyan tituna, wuraren taro, haikalai, da gine-ginen gwamnati. Bayan rushewar Daular Roma, Daular Byzantine ta gaji ikon yankin, inda Kiristanci ya samu gindin zama tare da gina majami’u da cibiyoyin addini.
Shigowar Musulunci a ƙarni na 7 Miladiyya ya zama sabon babi a tarihin Jordan. Bayan nasarorin Sahabbai a yankin Sham, Jordan ta shiga ƙarƙashin Khalifancin Rashidun, daga bisani Umayyawa da Abbasiyawa. A wannan zamani, yankin ya kasance muhimmin sashe na duniyar Musulunci musamman saboda kusancinsa da Madina, Dimishƙu, da Urushalima.
Umayyawa sun yi tasiri sosai, har ma suka gina manyan fadoji a hamadar Jordan, irin su Qasr Amra. Daga baya, yankin ya sha wahalhalun Yaƙin Salibi, kafin Ayyubiyawa da Mamlukai su sake karɓar iko. A shekara ta 1516, Daular Usmaniyya ta mamaye yankin Jordan, inda ta yi mulki tsawon kusan shekaru 400.
A wannan lokaci, Jordan ba ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta ba, sai dai ɓangare na lardunan Sham. Mulkin Usmaniyya ya kawo ɗan kwanciyar hankali, amma ba a samu gagarumin ci gaban tattalin arziki da siyasa ba. Yankin ya kasance karkara mai dogaro da noma, kiwo, da hanyoyin kasuwanci na hajji zuwa Makka.
Rushewar Daular Usmaniyya bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya (1914–1918) ya sauya tsarin siyasar Gabas ta Tsakiya gaba ɗaya. Birtaniya ta karɓi ikon yankin Jordan a ƙarƙashin Mandate na League of Nations, inda aka kira yankin da suna Transjordan.
A shekarar 1921, Birtaniya ta naɗa Amir Abdullah bin Al-Hussein, ɗan Sharif Hussein na Makka, a matsayin jagoran yankin. Wannan mataki ne ya kafa tubalin ƙasar Jordan ta zamani. A ƙarƙashin Amir Abdullah, an fara gina tsarin gwamnati, soji, da dokoki, duk da cewa Birtaniya na da tasiri sosai.
Bayan shekaru na gwagwarmaya da tattaunawa, a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 1946, Transjordan ta samu cikakken ‘yancin kai, inda aka ayyana ƙasar da suna Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Amir Abdullah ya zama Sarki Abdullah I, wanda ya fara mulki a matsayin sarki mai cikakken iko.
Bayan ‘yancin kai, Jordan ta fuskanci ƙalubale da dama, musamman rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A yaƙin Larabawa da Isra’ila na 1948, Jordan ta mallaki West Bank, wacce ta riƙe har zuwa 1967. Amma a Yaƙin Kwanaki Shida, Jordan ta rasa yankin ga Isra’ila, abin da ya shafi siyasa, tattalin arziki, da demografiyar ƙasar. Duk da haka, Jordan ta ci gaba da neman kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar diplomasiyya da gina ƙasa.
Tsarin mulkin Jordan shi ne sarautar Hashemiyya, inda iyalin Hashemiyya ke da ikirarin kasancewa zuriyar Annabi Muhammad (SAW) ta hannun Sharif Hussein na Makka. Wannan asali ya ba sarautar Jordan wata muhimmiyar daraja ta addini da siyasa.
Daga Sarki Abdullah I, zuwa Talal, Hussein, har zuwa Sarki Abdullah II na yanzu, Jordan ta kasance ƙasa mai daidaito da ƙoƙarin kiyaye zaman lafiya a yankin da ke fama da rikice-rikice. A taƙaice, kafuwar ƙasar Jordan ba lamari ne na kwatsam ba.
Tarihinta ya haɗa tsoffin wayewaye, shigowar Musulunci, mulkin dauloli, da gwagwarmayar ‘yancin kai. Wannan dogon tarihi ya samar da Jordan ta yau – ƙasa mai tarihin dubban shekaru, al’adu masu haɗuwa, da rawar da take takawa wajen samar da kwanciyar hankali a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Manazarta
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Danna nan don karanta Tarihin Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Bello
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
