Sakatare
Tarihin Kafuwar Ƙasar Iran: Daga Tsoffin Dauloli zuwa Jamhuriyar Musulunci
Tsakure
Wannan maƙala ta yi nazari kan tarihin kafuwar ƙasar Iran, tun daga daulolin gargajiya na Persia har zuwa juyin juya halin musulunci na 1979.
An bayyana yadda tsarin siyasa da al’adu suka samo asali daga daular Achaemenid, suka ci gaba da tasiri a zamanin Musulunci, sannan suka sauya zuwa tsarin zamani na Pahlavi kafin a kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. Wannan bincike ya yi amfani da tarihin gargajiya, nazarin addini da tsarin siyasa don nuna muhimmancin Iran a matsayin cibiyar tarihi da tasiri a duniya.
Gabatarwa
Ƙasar Iran, wadda aka fi sani da Persia a tarihi, na daga cikin tsofaffin ƙasashen da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen siyasa, al’adu, da addini a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tsoffin masarautu irin su Achaemenid da Sassanid sun kafa tubalin al’adun Farisa, yayin da zuwan Musulunci ya sauya tsarin addini da siyasa.
A ƙarni na ashirin, mulkin Pahlavi ya kawo gyare-gyaren zamani amma ya gamu da ƙalubale daga jama’a, wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin 1979 da ya kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ayatollah Khomeini. Wannan maƙala za ta bi diddigi a matakai domin fahimtar kafuwar Iran a matsayin ƙasa ta zamani.
1. Daulolin Gargajiya (Medes zuwa Sassanid)
Daular Medes (728–550 K.Z.) ita ce ta fara kafa tsarin siyasa a yankin Zagros, kafin a gaji ta daular Achaemenid (550–330 K.Z.) ƙarƙashin Cyrus Mai Girma, wanda ya kafa babbar masarauta ta farko a duniya mai bin doka da adalci. Daular ta Achaemenid ta mamaye yankuna daga Indiya zuwa Masar, ta kafa tsarin gudanar da mulki mai tsari.
Bayan mamayar Alexander the Great, an kafa Daular Seleucid, wadda daga bisani aka maye gurbinta da Daular Parthian (247 K.Z.–224 M.D.), wacce ta dawo da ƙarfin Persia. Daga baya kuma aka kafa Daular Sassanid (224–651 M.D.), wacce ta yi hamayya da Daular Roma da Byzantium, ta kafa harshen Farisa da addinin Zoroastrianism a matsayin ginshiƙai.
2. Zuwan Musulunci da Tasirin Shi’a
A shekarar 651 M.D., sojojin Musulmi suka doke Sassanid, suka kawo ƙarshen daular Farisa ta gargajiya. Iran ta shiga ƙarƙashin Daular Musulunci ta Umayyawa da Abbasawa. Daga baya, an samu dauloli masu zaman kansu kamar Buyids da Safavid (1501–1736), wadda ta kafa Shi’anci (Shi’a Islam) a matsayin addinin gwamnati. Wannan ya tabbatar da bambanci tsakanin Iran da makwabtan ƙasashe na Sunni.
3. Mulkin Zamani: Qajar da Pahlavi
Daular Qajar (1789–1925) ta fuskanci rauni saboda mamayar Rasha da Birtaniya, har aka raba wasu yankuna daga Iran. A 1925, Reza Shah Pahlavi ya kafa Daular Pahlavi, inda ya fara gyaran zamani da ƙarfafa tsarin mulkin mallaka na zamani. Sai dai ɗansa, Mohammad Reza Shah, ya zama ƙarƙashin tasirin kasashen yamma, musamman Amurka, abin da ya jawo ƙiyayya daga jama’a saboda rashin adalci da danniya.
4. Juyin Juya Halin Musulunci Na 1979
A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, jama’a suka tashi suka kifar da mulkin Shah a 1979. An kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, wacce ta haɗa tsarin dimokuraɗiyya da addinin Shi’a ƙarƙashin Velayat-e Faqih (Jagorancin Malamin Addini). A wannan tsarin, Shugaban ƙasa da Majalisa suna aiki ne ƙarƙashin ikon Jagoran Addini (Supreme Leader). Wannan ya bambanta Iran da sauran ƙasashen Musulmi.
5. Matsayin Iran A Siyasar Duniya
Bayan 1979, Iran ta zama cibiyar siyasa da addini ta Shi’a, tana da tasiri a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ma duniya saboda albarkatun man fetur, gas, da matsayinta a fagen yaƙin ideoloji tsakanin yamma da gabas. Iran ta ci gaba da zama ginshiƙi a harkokin duniya, musamman a rikicin Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Kammalawa
Tarihin kafuwar Iran ya sha bamban da kowane ƙasa a duniya, domin ya samo asali daga tsoffin dauloli, ya shiga karkashin Musulunci, sannan ya sauya zuwa tsarin zamani kafin juyin juya hali ya kafa Jamhuriyar Musulunci. Iran ta zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi wacce take da tasiri a al’adu, addini da siyasar duniya. Wannan tarihi ya nuna cewa Iran ba kawai ƙasa ba ce, amma cibiyar da take haɗa tsohon tarihi da zamani cikin tsari na musamman.
Manazarta
1. Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1984).
2. Touraj Daryaee, Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire (London: I.B. Tauris, 2009).
3. Patricia Crone, The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
4. Rula Jurdi Abisaab and Malek Abisaab, The Shi‘ites of Lebanon: Modernism, Communism, and Hizbullah’s Islamists (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2014).
5. Ervand Abrahamian, A History of Modern Iran (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
6. Hamid Dabashi, Iran: A People Interrupted (New York: New Press, 2007).
7. Kenneth M. Pollack, The Persian Puzzle: The Conflict Between Iran and America (New York: Random House, 2004).
Danna nan don karanta Tarihin Kafuwar Ƙasar Saudi Arabia
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