Gudunmawar Sarki Abdulazeez Da Birtaniya Wajen Kafa Ƙasar Saudi Arabia

Sakatare

Abdulaziz Ibn Saud da Kafuwar Ƙasar Saudi Arabia: Binciken Tarihi Kan Rawar Da Birtaniya Ta Taka

Taƙaitaccen Bayani

Ƙirƙirar masarautar Saudi Arabia a shekarar 1932 ba ta kasance wani abu da ya zo kwatsam ko kuma sakamakon ƙoƙarin gida kawai ba. A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, ta samo asali ne daga jerin yaƙe-yaƙe da dabarun siyasa da Abdulaziz Ibn Saud (1876–1953) ya gudanar har ya daidaita mulki a yankin Larabawa.

Nasarorinsa na farko sun samo asali daga jarumta, basira, da kuma aƙidar Wahabiyya, amma daga baya rawar da Birtaniya ta taka ta zama tilas wajen tabbatar da ƙarfinsa. Wannan maƙala ta yi nazari kan yadda aka ci garuruwan Riyadh (1902), Makka (1925), Madina (1929), da Jidda (1932), tare da binciken yadda Birtaniya ta shiga wajen taimakawa kafuwar ƙasar Saudi Arabia.

Gabatarwa

Tashin Abdulaziz Ibn Saud, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Saud, ya zama babbar alama a tarihin zamani na Larabawa. Rushewar ikon daular Usmaniyya bayan yaƙin duniya na ɗaya ya bar giɓi da shugabannin Larabawa daban-daban suka yi ƙoƙarin cikawa. Ibn Saud ya fito fili a matsayin babban mai kafa sabon ƙasa.

Duk da cewa tarihin ƙasashen Larabawa na nuna cewa nasarorinsa sun fito daga ƙoƙari na cikin gida, shaidu na tarihi sun nuna cewa Birtaniya wadda take son tabbatar da tasirinta a Tekun Fasha da hanyoyin zuwa Indiya, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar masa da iko.

Yaƙin Ƙwace Riyadh (1902)

Mataki na farko na kafa Saudi Arabia ya kasance a 15 ga Janairu, 1902, lokacin da Ibn Saud ya sake ɗaukar Riyadh daga gidan Rashid. Da ƙaramar tawaga, ya kai farmaki, ya kashe gwamnan Rashid, sannan ya maido da mulkin dangin Al Saud a Najd. A wannan lokaci, nasarar ta fito ne daga jarumta da ƙoƙarin kansa, ba tare da wani taimako daga ƙasashen waje ba. Birtaniya a lokacin tana fiye da kula da Kuwait da sauran ƙasashen Tekun Fasha, ba ta ba shi goyon baya kai tsaye ba.

Yaƙin Hijaz da Ƙwace Makka (1925)

Bayan ya tabbatar da iko a Najd, Ibn Saud ya nufi Hijaz, wanda Sharif Husayn bin Ali ke mulka shugaban juyin Larabawa a lokacin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Dangantakar Husayn da Birtaniya ta lalace saboda ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin da Turawa suka shimfiɗa a yankin. A 1924–1925, Ibn Saud ya shiga Hijaz, ya fatattaki sojojin Sharif, ya kuma mamaye Makka.

Kodayake ba da taimakon kai tsaye Birtaniya ta yi ba, ƙin tallafa wa Sharif Husayn ya zama taimako a gefe ga Ibn Saud. Daga bisani kuma, Birtaniya ta amince da mulkinsa domin samun abokin hulɗa mai sauƙin sarrafawa a Hijaz.

Ƙwace Madina da Yaƙin Ikhwan (1929)

Bayan Makka, Ibn Saud ya mamaye Madina a shekarar 1929. Amma wannan nasara ta jawo cece-kuce tsakaninsa da Ikhwan, mayaƙan Wahhabi da suka taimaka masa a yaƙe-yaƙe. Ikhwan sun nuna rashin jituwa saboda tattaunawarsa da Birtaniya da kuma hana su ƙara faɗaɗa mulki zuwa Iraq da Kuwait (masu ƙarƙashin Birtaniya).

Wannan rikici ya kai ga Yaƙin Sabilla (1929) inda Ibn Saud, da taimakon makamai, harsasai, da har ma jiragen saman yaƙi daga Birtaniya, ya fatattaki Ikhwan. Wannan ya nuna cewa a wannan lokaci, Birtaniya ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da nasararsa.

Ƙwace Jidda da Ayya­na Saudi Arabia (1932)

Birnin bakin teku na Jidda ya faɗi ƙarƙashin ikon Ibn Saud a 1932 bayan doguwar kakkabo. A wannan lokaci, Birtaniya ta riga ta amince da ikon sa ta fuskar diflomasiyya, ta kuma rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyi da suka tabbatar da shi a matsayin shugaba na Najd da Hijaz. Ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1932, aka ayyana masarautar Saudi Arabia a hukumance. Wannan nasara ta samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwar yaƙin soja da kuma goyon bayan diflomasiyyar Birtaniya.

Kammalawa

Shaidun tarihi sun nuna cewa tashi da nasarar Abdulaziz Ibn Saud ba za a iya raba su da muradun siyasar Birtaniya ba. Duk da cewa nasararsa ta farko a Riyadh ta fito daga ƙarfin kai, mamaye Makka, Madina, da Jidda ya kasance da taimako kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga Birtaniya. Masarautar Saudi Arabia ta fito ne ba kawai daga jihadi da ƙoƙarin gida ba, amma har da hulɗar siyasar mulkin mallaka. Wannan fahimta ta taimaka wajen gane asalin Saudi Arabia da kuma dangantakarta da siyasar duniya tun asali.

Ƙafafun Bayani

1. Madawi al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 34–36.

2. Joseph Kostiner, The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), 82–85.

3. John S. Habib, Ibn Sa‘ud’s Warriors of Islam: The Ikhwan of Najd and Their Role in the Creation of the Saudi Kingdom, 1910–1930 (Leiden: Brill, 1978), 205–210.

Karanta Tarihin Kafuwar Ƙasar Iran

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