Da yake mun ga yadda wannan adabi ya kasance da kuma tasirin da ya yi tsakanin al’umma a Ingila, zai dace a nan mu faɗaɗa kan wannan batu domin mu ga yadda fasalin adabin kasuwar ya kansance ta hanyar bayar da misalai.
Da yake tun da farko mun yi nuni da cewa harkar ta adabin kasuwa ta samo tushe ne daga Ingila, ya dace mu fahimci yadda al’amarin ya kasance, kafin mu shiga wasu sassan na duniya mu ga su kuma irin nasu fasalin.
Daga nazarin da aka yi an fahimci akwai bambance-bambancen da aka samu a tsawon zamanin aikin adabin Ingilishi, tunanin farko dai ya fara ne daga `yan Sukotlan ba daga Ingila ba, shi wannan adabin ne ya ci gaba da watayawa a tsakanin ƙarni na goma sha biyar zuwa farko, da tsakiyar ƙarni na goma sha shida.
Wannan ne ya samar da gagarumin aikin Tottel a shekarar 1557. Shi dai wannan littafin ya shahara ne saboda dalilai da dama; Na farko dai abin da ya fi jan hankalin sababbin makaranta a wannan lokacin shi ne mafi yawan abin da littafin ya ƙunsa abu ne wanda ba a san da shi ba da, haka kuma akwai hasashe ba yaƙini ba a cikin labarin, wanda kuma wannan shi ya fi burge masu karatun ayyukan adabin wannan lokacin, ba kamar ayyukan wasu da suka wallafa ba waɗanda ko dai sun mutu ko kuma sun daɗe ƙwarai da yin rubutun, (Saintsbury,1920).
Wannan zamani na Sarauniya Elizabeth kamar yadda muka yi bayani akwai aikin manyan masana a ƙasar Ingila, kamar fitaccen marubucin nan na wasan kwaikwayo, Christopher Marlowe da marubuta waƙoƙi irin su Edmund Spenser da kuma shahararrun masana kimiyya irin Francis Bacon.
Marubuta da dama na wannan lokacin sun ji daɗin yadda ‘yan majalisar Sarauniya ke amsar su in sun kai ziyara, duk da cewa suna daga cikin talakawa (Saintsbury, 1920). Wannan kuwa ya faru ne domin tun farkon mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth, ita ta kasance tamkar Uwar ƙungiyar, kuma mai ba da taimako ga marubuta labaran wasan kwaikwayo, kai har aiwatar da wasan kwaikwayon ake yi a gabanta.
A shekarun 1560 aka fitar da wasan Kwaikwayo na Blank Verse Tragedies wanda za a iya cewa shi ne ya buɗe ƙofa wurin samuwar kimiyyar wasan kwaikwayon da ake nazari har zuwa yau. A shekarar 1568 ne aka aiwatar da wasan kwaikwayon a gaban sarauniya a bisa dandamali.
Irin yadda aka samar da litattafai da ayyukan adabin Elizabeth ya taimaka ƙwarai wurin ceton adabin Ingilishi daga shiga cikin haɗari na kwasar ayyukan da ‘yan kasuwa suke yi, waɗanda kuma ake samarwa da tsada. Misali, a lokacin da Tottel ya fiddo littafin shi na Miscellany ba dukkan mawallafa na lokacin suka san da wannan hanyar ta fiddo da littafin kai tsaye ba, wato ba tare da an miƙa shi ga masu wallafar zamani ba (Saintsbury,1920).
Ta ɓangaren rubutun zube ma, lokacin mulkin sarauniya Elizabeth ya samu tagomashi sosai, saboda a lokacin ne aka samu ayyukan adabi waɗanda suka yi tashe ko kuma suka zama na yayi, domin a lokacin malaman da ke koyarwa a Jami`ar Kambirij (Cambridge) sun taimaka ƙwarai da gaske wurin samar da ayyukan masana irin su Ascham da Wilson, da sauransu ta fuskar zube.
Duk da cewar akwai ayyukan magabata irin su Thomas Hoby, amma dai za a iya cewa Roger Ascham shi ne ya fara buɗe fagen da littafinsa Toxophilus da ya rubuta aka kuma wallafa shi a shekarar 1545, amma dai littafinsa da ya fi tashe, wato Schoolmaster bai fito ba sai bayan da ya mutu, (Saintsbury,1920). Shi dai Ascham fitacce, kuma shahararren malami ne domin har sarauniyar Ingilar ma sai da ya koyar da ita a makaranta.
Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, Adabin Elizabeth na Ingila ya ratsa zangunan mabambanta. Misali, mun dai ga akwai ayyukan adabi da aka yi kafin lokacin Elizabeth ɗin kamar na su Thomas More wanda ya yi rubuce-rubuce, musamman na waƙoƙi da kuma Wyatt da sauransu.
Ko a lokacin mulkin Sarauniya Elizabeth ɗin ma, ayyukan adabi da suka fi tashe su ne waƙoƙi da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma ƙagaggun labaran, amma dai masu sarrafa waƙoƙin da wasan kwaikwayo sun fi yawa da tashe, wato kamar masana irin su Edmund Spenser da sauransu (Saintsbury,1920).
A ɓangaren wasan kwaikwayo da ƙagaggun labarai kuwa dole ne masana irin su Shakespeare su shige gaba, sannan ga Marlowe wanda zaƙaƙuri ne, wanda ayyukansa suka yi tashe, ga kuma Ben Jonson wanda ya kwaikwayi ayyukan magabatansa, ya samar da nasa. Ta ɓangaren ƙagaggun labarai kuwa akwai marubuta irin su Philip Sidney da Richard Hakluyt da Francis Bacon da sauransu da dama.
Daga wannan taƙaitaccen bayani mun fahimci a ƙasar Ingila ne aka samar da wannan fasali na adabin jama’a ko na kasuwa, mun dai fahimci irin wannan adabi na yayi ko kasuwa ya wanzu tsakanin ƙarni na 16 da na 17 lokacin da adabin sarauniya Elizabeth ya yi tashe tsakanin shekarar 1558 zuwa 1603.
Shi dai adabin Elizabeth ba yana nufin ita Sarauniyar ce ta wallafa ko buga shi ba (kodayake ita ma ta jefo waƙoƙinta da aka karanta, musamman On Monsiuer’s Departure), sai dai ana iya cewa a lokacin mulkinta ne aka samar da yawancin ayyukan adabin da ake wa laƙabi da na yayi ko kasuwa, duk kuwa da cewa ayyuka ne na ƙwarai.
Abin da ya sa wannan gangariyar adabi ya kasance adabin kasuwa shi ne ya samu karɓuwa a hannun yawancin jama’ar Ingila a cikin ƙanƙanen lokaci (Wikipidia.org). Duk da cewa akwai ƙagaggun labarai cikinsa, abin da ya fi yin tashe shi ne wasan kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi. Adabin Elizabeth ya somo ne daga zamanin su Tottel da suka wanzu da waƙoƙinsu zuwa masu tsara labarai na zamanin Caroline, (Saintsbury,1920).
Ba wani abu ya sanya wannan zamani ya kasance na ayyukan adabin al’umma ba sai ganin manyan mashahuran marubutan da suka yi tashe a wancan zamani sun wanzu ne a lokacin, kuma har yau suna tashe a fagen nazari da sharhi. Akwai marubuta ayyukan adabi da suka haɗa da William Shakespeare da Christopher Marlowe da Ben Johnson da Edmund Spencer da John Fletcher da Thomas Kyd da Thomas Middleton da Thomas Nashe da John Webster da John Donne da Philip Sidney da sauransu, duk a wannan zamani suka wanzu.
An kira waɗannan mutane da ayyukan adabinsu a matsayin na yayi a wancan lokaci, saboda sun kasance mutane ne ko kuma ayyukansu da jama’a ke rububi. Sa’annan kuma yawancin ayyukan nasu kwafe-kwafe ne ko dai daga wasu can da aka yi a baya da suka shahara ko kuma tsakanin marubutan wannan zamani.
Misali, Thomas Kyd da aikinsa na The Spanish Tragedy, shi ya ba Shakespeare hasken rubuta Hamlet, ba kuma nan kaɗai Shakespeare ya tsaya ba, ya shiga cikin taskar tarihin zamanin da, da kuma zamanin da ya rayu ya kwafo abubuwan da suka taimaka ya gina nasa adabin.
Bincike ya nuna cewa waƙokin Sonnet da Thomas Wyatt ya ƙaddamar su ne kuma Shakespeare da wasu na zamaninsa suka ci gaba da tallatawa, kuma sun ja ra’ayin Thomas Campion wanda ya rubuce su a takarda, aka shiga rububinsu a gidajen al’ummar wancan zamani, (Wikipidia.org).
Ke nan ba kamar yadda ake tunani ba, yawancin ayyukan adabin zamanin Sarauniya Elizabeth ta 1, ba wai rashin kyau ko ma’ana ko kuma rashin goyon bayan hukuma ba ne matsalar da ta sa aka kira su na yayi, ba kuma domin ana rubutun domin talakawa ba ne kaɗai ba, sai dai domin yanayin samuwarsu, wato yadda jama’a ke ta wawason su da kuma shiga cikin harkar saye da karantawa da rubutawa, ciki har da masu gari, Sarauniya.
Babban abin da ya fi fitowa fili game da wannan zamani shi ne yadda gamaɗe da kwashe-kwashen ayyukan wasu ke taimakawa wajen gina sabon adabin da ya burge al’ummar wancan zamani. Saboda haka daga abin da aka tattaro dangane da adabin Sarauniya Elizabeth na Ingila mu iya cewa mafi yawan ayyukan adabi na ƙwarai, an samar da su ne a wannan lokaci, cikin waɗannan shekarun ne aka samar da rubuce-rubucen adabi, musamman abin da ya shafi zane da waƙoƙi, wasan kwaikwayo da sauransu.
Wannan bayani an ciro shi ne daga rubutaccen kundi mai taken: ADABIN KASUWAR KANO: Nazari da Sharhi Game da Ƙagaggun Labaran Hausa (1984-2008) wanda Bashir Abu Sabe 07/211111002 (M.A Hausa Studies) USMANU ƊANFODIYO UNIVERSITY, SOKOTO, NIGERIA ya wallafa.
Don karanta Fasalin Adabin Kasuwa A Duniya danna nan
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
