Babahabu49
Gabatarwa
Baiwar da Allah ya yi wa ɗan Adam ta amfani da harshe yana daga cikin abubuwan da suka bambanta shi (ɗan Adam ɗin) da sauran halittu, har ya fifita shi bisa kansu. Ko da yake dabbobi ma suna da tunani irin nasu, wanda kuma suke bayyanawa cikin hanyar sadarwa iri daban-daban, amma babu wata dabba da take da hanyar sadarwa irin wadda ɗan Adam yake amfani da ita, wato harshe.
Sannan kuma, kowace al’umma tana da harshenta da ya keɓanta da ita domin sadarwa, wannan dalili ya sanya da zarar an samu hulɗa tsakanin al’umma ɗaya masu rayuwa a yankuna mabambanta to a kan samu karin lafazi. Har ila yau kuma, ana samun karin lafazi a lokacin da aka yi hulɗa tsakanin al’umma mabambanta, kamar yadda bayani zai gabata a cikin wannan aiki.
Ma’anar Harshe
Masana da dama sun sha tofa albarkacin bakinsu dangane da ma’anar Harshe. Daga cikinsu akwai:
Fagge, (2002) ya ce: “harshe wata hanyar sadarwa ce da ɗan Adam yake amfani da sauti mai ma’ana wanda kuma yake bin wasu dokoki. Ya ce ta hakan ne kowacce al’umma da ke zaune a doron ƙasa take sadarwa kuma ta fahimci abubuwan da ke ƙunshe a zukatan jama’a kamar tunani da ra’ayi da hikima da sha’awa da dai sauransu”.
Yakasai, (2012:47) kuwa ya ce: “harshe shi ne hanyar furta ma’anoni da tunane-tunanen da suke ran ɗan Adam, wato dai ita ce hanyar sadarwa tsakanin mutane. Ita wannan hanya kuma ba ganinta ake yi ba, jin ta ake yi kawai, wato hanyar sadarwa ta ɗan Adam (harshe) saututtuka ne masu ma’ana da ake furta su, kunnen mai sauraro ya ji, kana basirarsa ta kama, ta fahimta domin amfaninsa”.
A taƙaice harshe, yana nufin wani furuci mai ma’ana da mutane ke yi ta hanyar magana domin su isar da saƙon da zukatansu suka ƙudurta ga irin mutanen da ke iya fahimtar wannan nau’i na sarrafa harshe ba tare da ishara da hannu ba.
Ma’anar Ilimin Harshe (Linguistics)
Ilimin kimiyyar harshe wani fage ne na ilimi da ake nazartar harsuna a kimiyyance. Dangane da ma’anarta, ga ta bakin masana:
Lyons (1981:1) ya ce: “Linguistics is the scientific study of language”
Fassara: “Ilimin harshe tsararriyar hanya ce ta kimiya da ake bi domin nazarin harshe”.
Yusuf (2007:1) yana cewa: “Linguistics is the study of language”.
Fassara: “Ilimin harshe fage ne da ake nazarin harshe”
Masana sun karkasa ilimin harshe zuwa manyan rassa guda biyu:
1. Manyan rassan ilimin harsuna (macro linguitics)
2. Ƙananan rassan ilimin harsuna (micro linguistics).
Kowanne daga cikinsu yana da rassa kamar haka:
1. Manyan rassa (macro) su ne:
Phonetics-Ilimin tsarin furuci
Phonology-Ilimin tsarin sauti
Morphology- ilimin ginin kalma
Syntax- ƙirar jimla
Semantics- Ilimin Ma’ana.
2. Ƙananan rassa (micro) su ne kamar haka:
- Socio linguistics
- Historical linguistics
- Geographical linguistics
- Comparative linguistics
- Psycho linguistics
- Descriptive linguistics
- Computational linguistics
- Applied linguistics
- Quantitative Linguistics. Da sauransu.
To mu a nan aikinmu ya shafi ilimin walwalar harshe ne wato (sociolinguistics), don haka za mu fara da bayyana ma’anar ilimin walwalar harshe daga bakin masana.
Ma’anar Ilimin Walwalar Harshe (Sociolinguistics)
Dangane da ma’anar wannan fage ga ta bakin masana:
Trudgill (1974:32-33) ya bayyana cewa: “Sociolinguistics is a part of linguistics concerned with language as a social and cultural phenomenon. Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the structure of a language and of how such a linguistic code functions in communication”.
Fassara: Ilimin walwalar harshe wani ɓangare ne na ilimin harshe da ya danganci cuɗanya da yadda al’adun al’umma ke gudana. Ilimin walwalar harshe ya ƙunshi binciko dangantakar da ke tsakanin harshe da al’umma ta la’akari da irin tsare-tsaren harshen da kuma yadda wannan canji kan yi tasiri a wurin sadarwa.
Shi kuwa Yakasai (2012:24) cewa ya yi : “Ilimin walwalar harshe, wanda da Ingilishi ake kira “SOCIOLINGUISTICS” wani ɓangare ne daga fannin nazarin harshe da kuma yadda ake sarrafa shi. A haƙiƙanin gaskiya, wannan fanni na walwalar harshe yana da faɗi ƙwarai da gaske, musamman ma da yake ya tatttare irin rawar da harshe yake takawa cikin dangataka da muhimman al’umuran rayuwa; da al’ada da al’umma da jinsi da rukunin jama’a da harshen ƙasa da nazarin karin harshe da jin harsuna biyu ko da yawa da kuma muhallin magana”.
Ma’anar Karin Lafazi (Accent)
Muhammad (1990) ya fassara “Language Accent” da “Karin Lafazi”.
Dangane da ma’anar karin lafazi kuwa masana da dama sun tofa albarkacin bakin su. Daga cikinsu akwai: Crystal (2008:3) ya ce “karin lafazi ya ƙunshi wasu matakai na furuci waɗanda suke taimakawa wajen karin harshe, mutum ya yi magana kuma aka fahimci yankın da ya fito wato Bazazzage, ko Bakano, ko Basakkwace, ko Badaure ne, to wannan shi ne karin lafazi. Haka kuma, karin lafazi kan taimaka wajen bayyana rukunin al’ummar da mutum ya fito”.
Misali,
Duk mai nazarin harshen Hausa in yana magana da wani mutum sai ya ji ya furta:
- Ɗamra
- Amre
- Ɗwaci
- Hwaɗa
Nan take zai fahimci cewa wannan mutumin daga yankin Yammaci ƙasar Hausa ya fito, wannan ganewar da ya yi shi ne karin lafazi. Haka ma tasirin ilimi addinin da na boko kan haifar da samun karin lafazi. Misali:
Idan mutum ya yi zurfi a ilimin boko ko na addini, yana magana za a ji yana amfani da tsarin furucin wasu sautuka na Ingilishi ko na Larabci wajen furta sautukan Hausa. Wannan tsarin furucin sautin wani harshe da ake ji a kan tsarin furucin wani sautin na wani harshen daban shi ne ma ya zama karin lafazi.
Ire-Iren Karin Lafazi
Karin lafazi ya kasu zuwa kashi biyu, kamar haka:
- Karin lafazi ‘yan asali (Native Accent)
- Karin lafazin baƙi (Non-Native Accent)
1. Karin lafazin ‘yan asali (Native Accent): Nau’in karin lafazi ne wanda ake samu a tsakanin al’umma masu amfani da harshe ɗaya a matsayin harshen uwa waɗanda suke zaune yankuna ko wurare mabambanta. Misali: Ana samun wannan nau’i na karin lafazi a harshen Hausa. A ƙasar Hausa akwai karuruwan harshe da dama. Misali:
- Bakatsine
- Bazazzagi
- Basakkwace
- Hiɗi
- Uni
- Hwaɗa
- Halshe
- Ƙarke
- Amre
A nan da zarar yanayin yadda mutum ya faɗa waɗannan kalmomi za a fahimci daga yankin da ya fito. Wannan yanayi da ya sa ake gane cewa mai magana ɗan yankin, Bakatsine da Bazazzagi da Basakkwace. Shi ma ya zama karin harshen lafazi.
Bayan haka a cikin al’ummar Hausawa akan samu rukunin al’umma kamar sarakuna da malamai da “yan boko da ‘yan daudu da mawaƙa da sauransu. Duk ya yin da ɗaya daga cikin wannan rukunin ya yi magana har ta kai daga furucinsa aka gano rukunin al’ummar da yake to an samu karin lafazi.
2. Karin lafazin baƙi (Non-Native Accent): Wannan shi wani yanayi ne da ake samu, idan mutum yana magana da wani harshe sai ya riƙa amfani da karin harshen uwa (L1) maimakon karin harshen da yake magana da shi. Misali akasarin harsunan da suke Kudancin Kaduna ba su da sautukan /ɓ/ da /d/ da /ƙ/ da sauransu. Misali:
- Barawo maimakon Varawo
- Kato maimakon Ƙato
- Daki maimakon Ɗaki
- Izo maimakon ya zo
- Baro maimakon Biro
- Haro maimakon yaro
Wannan zai sanya da sun yi magana za a fahimci cewa ga daga inda suka fito. To wannan abin da suka yi har aka gane ga inda mutum ya fito, su ba ainihin masu magana da wannan harshe ba ne to shi ne karin lafazi na baƙi.
Dalilan Da Suke Haifar Da Karin Lafazi
Daga cikin dalilan da suke haifar da Karin lafazi akwai;
1. Tsarmi (Language Interference)
2. Karin harshe (Dialect) da sauransu.
Hanyoyin Wanzuwar Karin Lafazi
- Karin lafazi na wanzuwa ne ta hanyoyi uku:
- Karin lafazin tsarın sauti (phonological Accent)
- Karin lafazin ginin kalmomi (morphological Accent)
- Karin lafazin ginın jimla (syntactic Accent).
Karin lafazi na tsarin sauti: shi ne wanda ake samun mai magana da wani harshe a matsayin harshe na biyu ya rinƙa amfani da wasu sautuka na harshe na ɗaya a lokacin magana ba tare da ya sani ba, wanda mai saurare zai fahimci cewa shi ba ainihin mai harshen ba ne. Misali:
- Yuƙa
- Tabshi
- Barawo
- Halshe
Waɗannan su ne misalan karin lafazi na sauti saboda duk ana fahimtar su ne ta tsarin sautukan da aka sauya saɓanin na daidaitaccen furucin harshe.
Karin lafazi na kalmomi: Shi kuwa wannan ana samun shi ne a yayin ginin kalma da ake samu ga masu magana da harshe. Misali;
- Cin maimakon ci
- Birori maimakon birai
- Barewoyi maimakon berayi
Karin lafazi na jimloli: Shi ne wanda ake samu mai wannan karin harshen, ko harshe na ɗaya ya riƙa amfani da tsarin harshensa wajen gina jimlolin da yake magana da su. Misali;
Kai da ni maimakon ni da kai.
Yat tashi maimakon yan tashi
Nac ce maimakon na ce
To duk ya yin da ɗaya daga cikin wannan ya faru kuma har aka gane cewa shi wannan mai magana yana amfani da harshe ne a matsayin harshe na biyu, shi ga inda ya fito to shi ne karin lafazi.
A takaice karin lafazi nau’i ne na harshe wanda ke nuna, ko jaddada asalin mutum, da kuma inda ya fito ta yanayi furuncin sa ta hanyar sautinka. Misali, idan aka duba British English da American English sun bambanta ta yanayin karin sautin/lafazinsu, sannan ta haka ne za ka fahimci inda mutum ya fito. To wannan abin da ya sa in mutum ya yi magana a fahimci cewa shi ba dan asalin harshen ba ne ko kuma ga yankin da ya fito, wannan abin shi ne karin lafazi.
Kammalawa
Daga bayanan da suka gabata za a fahimci cewa, ilimin walwalar harshe ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan rassan ilimin kimiyyar harshe, kuma fage ne da ya ƙunshi abubuwa da dama ciki har da karin lafazi. A cikin wannan aiki an yi ƙoƙarin bayyana ma’ana, ire-ire, yadda karin lafazi ke wanzuwa da dalilan da suke haifar da shi tare da kawo misalai daban-daban game da abin da ake kira da karin lafazi da karin a fagen ilimin walwalar harshe.
Manazarta
Fagge U.U (2002). “Zaurance Zawarawa a Birnin Kano da Kewaye”. In Algaita Journal of Current Research in Hausa. Vol. 2 No. 1.
Lyons, L. (1981). Language and Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Muhammad, D (1990), Hausa Metalanguage, (edt). Ibadan Univesity Press Ltd.
Trudgill, P. (1974). The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. Cambridge: University Press.
Yakasai M.G (2012). Jagorar Ilimin Walwalar Harshe. Sokoto: Garkuwa Media Services LTD.
Yusuf, O. (ed) (2007). Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages Teachers. Port Harcout:Lingistics Association Of Nigeria&M J Grand Orbit.
Na Muhammad Abubakar
Mai Maɗi Ke Talla (Mai Zuma Gida Ake Tad Da Shi) danna nan
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
