Sakatare
Daga Ottoman Empire zuwa Mulkin Mallaka da Bayan ’Yancin Kai
Gabatarwa
Qatar ƙasa ce da ke Tekun Farisa (Persian Gulf), wadda ta samo kanta daga ƙarƙashin mulkin dauloli daban-daban har zuwa samun cikakken ’yancin kai a shekarar 1971. Tarihinta ya haɗa da tasirin Ottoman Empire, mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, da kuma gwagwarmayar da ta yi wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikinta ta hanyar mai da iskar gas na halitta.
1. Qatar a Zamanin Daular Ottoman
Tun daga ƙarni na 16, yankin Qatar ya kasance a ƙarƙashin tasirin Daular Ottoman, bayan sun ƙwace ikon Tekun Farisa daga Mamluks a 1517. Duk da haka, ikon Ottoman bai yi ƙarfi sosai a yankin ba, musamman saboda nisan ƙasa da kuma tsananin tasirin ƙabilu na cikin gida.
A ƙarni na 19, Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani, wanda daga baya ya zama uba ga gidan Al Thani, ya nemi tallafin Ottoman domin kare Qatar daga mamayar Bahrain da sauran makwabta.
2. Mulkin Mallaka da Tasirin Birtaniya
Bayan raunin da Daular Ottoman ta shiga a farkon ƙarni na 20, Qatar ta shiga ƙarƙashin tasirin Birtaniya. Yarjejeniyar Anglo-Ottoman ta 1913 ta tabbatar da janyewar Ottoman daga yankin.
A 1916, Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar da Birtaniya, wadda ta sanya Qatar ƙarƙashin kariya (protectorate). Wannan ya ba Birtaniya ikon kula da tsaro da hulɗar ƙasashen waje, yayin da gidan Al Thani ya ci gaba da sarauta a cikin gida.
3. Durƙushewar Tattalin Arziki da Gano Mai
Qatar ta dogara da kamun kifi da nemo lu’u-lu’u (pearling industry) har zuwa shekarun 1930. Rushewar kasuwar lu’u-lu’u saboda synthetic pearls daga Japan da kuma bala’in tattalin arziki na duniya ya jefa ƙasar cikin fatara.
Sheikh Abdullah ya rattaba hannu da Anglo-Persian Oil Company a 1935, amma haƙar mai ta fara ne a hukumance a 1949 saboda Yaƙin Duniya na II. Wannan ya fara sauya tattalin arzikin Qatar daga talauci zuwa samun kuɗaɗen shiga.
4. Hanyar Samun ’Yancin Kai
A shekarun 1950–1960, kuɗaɗen mai sun fara canza tsarin rayuwa a Qatar. Bayan Birtaniya ta sanar da janyewarta daga yankin Gulf a 1968, Qatar ta fara tunanin shiga cikin United Arab Emirates, amma ta janye saboda sabani da Bahrain.
A ƙarshe, a 3rd September 1971, Qatar ta ayyana ’yancin kanta kuma Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani ya zama Amir na farko a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta.
5. Bunƙasar Tattalin Arziki Bayan ’Yancin Kai
Bayan samun ’yancin kai, Qatar ta ci gaba da dogaro da mai. A shekarun 1980s zuwa 1990s, gwamnatin ƙasar ta karkata ga isakar gas na halitta (LNG) daga babban filin North Field, wanda shi ne ɗaya daga cikin manyan ajiyar gas a duniya.
Wannan mataki ya bai wa Qatar damar zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafiya arziki, tare da zuba jari a fannoni kamar:
- Ilimi (Qatar Foundation, Education City).
- Wasanni (FIFA World Cup 2022).
- Jiragen sama (Qatar Airways).
Kammalawa
Tarihin Qatar ya nuna yadda ƙasar daga ƙaramin tsibiri da ke dogaro da kamun kifi da lu’u-lu’u ta koma cikin manyan ƙasashe masu arziki da tasiri a duniya. Hakan ya samu ne ta hanyar gwagwarmaya daga ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman zuwa Birtaniya, sannan ta yi amfani da albarkatun mai da gas wajen bunƙasa tattalin arzikin ta.
Manazarta (References)
[^1]: Rosemarie Said Zahlan, The Creation of Qatar (London: Routledge, 1979), shafi na 12–25. [^2]: Habibur Rahman, The Emergence of Qatar: The Turbulent Years, 1627–1971 (Kegan Paul International, 2005), shafi na 40–52. [^3]: Allen J. Fromherz, Qatar: A Modern History (Georgetown University Press, 2012), shafi na 64–70. [^4]: J.E. Peterson, Historical Dictionary of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States (Scarecrow Press, 2003), shafi na 122–130. [^5]: Jill Crystal, Oil and Politics in the Gulf: Rulers and Merchants in Kuwait and Qatar (Cambridge University Press, 1995), shafi na 89–92. [^6]: Zahlan, The Creation of Qatar, shafi na 130–145. [^7]: Rahman, The Emergence of Qatar, shafi na 200–212. [^8]: Fromherz, Qatar: A Modern History, shafi na 150–160. [^9]: International Monetary Fund (IMF), Qatar: Economic Outlook Report (Doha, 2020).Karanta Gudunmawar King Abdulazeez Da Birtaniya Wajen Kafa Ƙasar Saudi Arabia
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