Sakatare
Ƙasar Saudi Arabia tana daga cikin muhimman ƙasashe a duniya, musamman ta fuskar addini da tattalin arziki. Kafuwar ta ta samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin dangin Al Saud da akidar Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab a ƙarni na 18. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya samar da Daular Saudiyya ta farko (1744–1818), wadda daga bisani ta faɗi, sannan aka kafa daular ta biyu (1824–1891).
Sai dai babbar nasara ta kasance a lokacin Sarki Abdulaziz ibn Saud wanda ya kafa daular Saudiyya ta uku a 1932, wadda ita ce ƙasar Saudi Arabia ta yau. Wannan bincike zai yi bayani kan yadda aka gina ƙasar daga matakai daban-daban na tarihi.
Gabatarwa
Ƙasar Saudi Arabia ita ce cibiyar Musulunci wadda ke da wuraren ibada mafi tsarki: Makka da Madinah. Tarihinta bai tsaya kawai ga addini ba, har ma ya haɗa da siyasa, tattalin arziki, da tsari na zamantakewa. Wannan bincike zai tattauna matakan da suka kai ga kafa ƙasar a 1932, inda za a bayyana dauloli uku na Saudiyya da suka gabata kafin samun daular Saudiyya ta yau.
Daular Saudiyya ta Farko (1744 – 1818)
Daular Saudiyya ta farko ta samo asali ne daga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Muhammad bin Saud, shugaba daga Najd, da Sheikh Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, wani malamin addini da ya yi kira da a tsarkake Musulunci daga bidi’o’i da al’adun gargajiya. Wannan haɗin gwiwa ya samar da tsarin siyasa-addini wanda ya ba da damar faɗaɗa iko a cikin Najd da Hijaz. Sai dai daular Usmaniyya tare da taimakon Masarawa suka kawo ƙarshen wannan daula a 1818.
Daular Saudiyya ta Biyu (1824 – 1891)
Bayan mutuwar daular farko, Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud ya kafa daular Saudiyya ta biyu a 1824, inda ya mayar da Riyadh a matsayin babban birni. Wannan daula ta yi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa ikon Al Saud a Najd, amma ta fuskanci rikice-rikicen cikin gida da yaƙe-yaƙe da dangin Rashid daga Ha’il. A ƙarshe, dangin Saud suka sha kaye a 1891, lamarin da ya tilasta musu gudu zuwa Kuwait.
Daular Saudiyya ta Uku – Kafuwar Saudi Arabia (1902 – 1932)
A 1902, Abdulaziz ibn Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Ibn Saud) ya dawo daga gudun hijira ya kuma ƙwace garin Riyadh, abin da ya zama matakin farko na kafa daular Saudiyya ta uku. Tsakanin 1913 zuwa 1925, ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa mulkinsa, inda ya mamaye al-Ahsa, Najd, da Hijaz, har ya ƙwace Makka da Madinah.
A 1927, ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Jeddah, Birtaniya ta amince da ikon Ibn Saud a matsayin mai zaman kansa. A ranar 23 ga Satumba 1932, aka ayyana haɗewar dukkan yankuna a matsayin Ƙasar Saudi Arabia, ƙarƙashin mulkin Sarki Abdulaziz ibn Saud.
Ci Gaban Ƙasar Bayan Kafuwa
Bayan kafuwar ta, Saudiyya ta fara samun ƙarfi ne ta fuskar man fetur, wanda aka gano a 1938. Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe mafi arziki, tare da kafa tsarin mulki bisa ga Alƙur’ani da Sunnah. Haka kuma, kasancewar ta da Makka da Madinah ya ƙara daɗa muhimmancinta a duniya.
Kammalawa
Tarihin Saudiyya ya ta’allaka da haɗin gwiwar siyasa da addini tsakanin dangin Al Saud da aƙidar Wahhabiyya. Duk da sauyin dauloli na farko da suka sha kaye, ƙoƙarin Sarki Abdulaziz ya haifar da kafa ƙasar Saudiyya ta yau a 1932. Wannan kafa ta sanya Saudi Arabia zama muhimmin ƙasa wajen addini, siyasa, da tattalin arzikin duniya.
Manazarta
1. Madawi al-Rasheed, A History of Saudi Arabia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
2. Alexei Vassiliev, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi Books, 2013).
3. William Ochsenwald, Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984).
4. Joseph Kostiner, The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
5. Mai Yamani, Changed Identities: The Challenge of the New Generation in Saudi Arabia (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2000).
6. Madawi al-Rasheed, Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia (London: I.B. Tauris, 1991).
7. Robert Lacey, The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Saud (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981).
Karanta Tarihin Abubakar Malami SAN
Edita@rumasau-kallamu
