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Tag: Harshen Hausa)

  • Matsayin Harshen Hausa A Ƙarni Na 21 Da Tagomashinsa

    Matsayin Harshen Hausa A Ƙarni Na 21 Da Tagomashinsa

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    SASHEN NAZARIN HARSUNAN NIJERIYA DA KIMIYYAR HARSHE, JAMI’AR JIHAR KADUNA, NIJERIYA.

    Maƙalar Da Aka Gabatar A Taron Ranar Hausa Ta Duniya a Ƙasar Ghana (Kumasi) Don ƙara Wa Juna Sani. Mai Taken: Zango: Ƙaura Daga Keɓancewa Zuwa Fahimta: Rawar Da Gwamnati Ke Takawa Wajen Aiwatar Da Manufofi. Wanda Ƙungiyar Matasan Zongo-Hausa Ta Ghana Suka Shirya A Ƙarqashin Jagorancin Masarautar Sarkin Zango.

    AGUSTA, 2025.

    Tsakure
    Manufar wannan takarda ita ce bayyana tunanin da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UN) don keɓe wannan rana ta Talata 26 ga watan Ogosta, don ta kasance muhimmiyar rana ga harshen Hausa don ƙara nuni matsayinsa da kuma tagomashinsa a idon duniya baki ɗaya.

    Akwai wani ƙiyasi da aka fitar, wanda yake nuna cewa akwai kimanin adadin harsuna a duniya wanda yawansu ya kai kusan dubu bakwai da ɗari shida (7,600), amman kuma harshen Hausa shi ne wanda zakaransa ya yi cara har ya kai matsayin harshe na goma sha ɗaya a duniya(11) (Bunza, A.M 2023). Kuma wani abin lura shi ne, harshen Hausa ya kai shekaru ɗari da ashirin (120) a matsayin karatun boko musamman a ƙasar Nijeriya.

    Sannan kuma akwai wata nasara da shi wannan harshen na Hausa ya samu wannan nasara kuwa ita ce: yadda ake samun kafafen yaɗa labarai cikin gida Afirka da ma ƙasashen Turawa. Alal misali: akwai gidajen rediyo kamar irin su: BBC da VOA da RFI da DW ƙasar China da Ghana dai sauran su. Baya ga wannan kuma, takardar ta fito da yadda ake samun ƙara yaɗuwar harshen a wasu kafafen sada zumunta na zamani kamar irin su: Facebook da WhatsApp da Instagram da Twitter har ma da shafukan yanar-gizo.

    Gabatarwa

    Babu wata wayewa da mutum zai yi tunƙaho da ita face sanin wanene shi? Kuma daga ina yake? Sannan da me yake magana?. A sanadiyyar mulkin mallaka da kuma sakaci da harshenmu da al’adunmu ne ya janyo cewa wasu daga cikinmu suke ganin cewa wai har akwai wani harshe da ya fi harshensu na gado (harshen uwa). Duk wani wanda ya rasa harshensa na asali, to ya rasa wani babban jigo na rayuwarsa, domin kuwa da harshen ne zai iya ɗaga hannunsa ya bugi ƙirji ya nuna kansa.

    Muddin aka ce an yi watsi da harshen uwa (Hausa), to haƙiƙa an yi watsi da al’adunmu da tarbiyyarmu da kyawawan ɗabi’unmu. Babu wata waye da ta wuce mutum ya san harshensa da kuma abin da harshen ya ƙunsa. Bayanai sun nuna cewa wannan rana ita ce karo na goma sha ɗaya (11) da ake gudanar da wannan taron na Ranar Hausa ta Duniya.

    Haƙiƙa Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (United Nation) sun yi la’akari ne da wasu abubuwa da suka shafi harshen Hausa har suka ware wannan rana ta musamman don harshen Hausa, waɗannan abubuwan kuwa sun haɗa da:

    • Yawan yaɗuwar harshen
    • Yawan masu magana da harshen
    • Yawan aikace-aikace (rubutu) da harshen
    • Yawan samun kafofin yaɗa labarai da harshen
    • Yawan amfani da shi a kafofin sada zumunta na zamani
    • Yawan amfani da shi a harkokin siyasa
    • Yawan amfani da shi a gidajen jaridu

    HARSHEN HAUSA DA ƘASAR HAUSA

    A wannan ɓangaren kuma, batutuwa biyu ne za a warware su: wato mecece Hausar ita kanta? Da kuma ina da ina ne ƙasashen Hausa? Bari mu fara da batun Mecece Hausa?
    A ma’anar da ƙamusun Hausa na Jami’ar Bayero Kano ya bayar, ya ce:

    “Hausa shi ne harshe da ake magana da shi.”
    Sannan kuma ya ce: “Hausa harshe ne.”
    Ya ƙara da cewa: “Hausa na nufin azanci ko hikima.”
    Shi kuwa Hornby, A.S (2015) cewa ya yi:

    “Harshen Hausa shi ne harshen da Hausawan Afirka ta Yamma suke amfani da shi musamman a Nijeriya da Nijar sannan kuma ake amfani da shi a wasu sassa na Yammacin Afirka a matsayin harshen sadarwa a tsakanin al’umma mabambanta.”

    WANENE BAHAUSHE?

    A nan kuma za mu yi magana ne a kan shin wai wane ne Bahaushe?
    Bunza, A.M (2019) ya ba da wannan amsa da cewa: Bahaushe shi ne:

    • Wanda yake bugun gaba da zama Bahaushe.
    • Wanda ba shi da wasu al’adu da harshe sai na Hausa.
    • Wanda iyayensa da kakanninsa Hausawa ne.
    • Wanda yake da dangantaka da tushe daga tussan karuruwan Hausa kamar su: Zazzaganci ko Katsinanci ko Kananci ko Gobiranci ko Katsinanci ko kuma Sakkwatanci.
    • Wanda yake da tsaga (shasshawa) ta fuska daga cikin tsagetsagen Hausawa na zuriya.

    HAUSA A IDON MAJALISAR ƊINKIN DUNIYA (UNITED NATION)

    Wannan gaɓar ita ta haifar da wannan takarda, domin kuwa Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya ta yi amfani da irin kallon da ta yi ma harshen Hausa ne a matsayin na 11 a faɗin duniya, inda ta kawo cewa:

    • Mandarin (China) mutane 1,009,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • English mutane 983,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Hindustani mutane 544,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Spanish mutane 527,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Arabic mutane 422,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Malay mutane 281,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Russian mutane 267,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Bengali mutane 261,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • Portugues mutane 229,000,000 masu magana da shi
    • French 229,000,000
    • Hausa mutane 150,000,00 (https://www.gistmania.com/talk/.353020.0html)

    Daga wannan ƙididdiga da suka gabatar, hakan ya tabbatar mana da cewa lallai harshen Hausa karansa ya kai tsaiko kuma wuyansa ya isa yanka, keɓe rana ta musamman da Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya ta yi don ƙara raya wannan harshen namu, abin a yaba ne kuma yin hakan zai ƙara kima da tagomashi ga harshen har ma da masu harshen.

    HAUSA A ƘASASHEN ƘETARE

    Shin me ya kai harshen Hausa zuwa wasu ƙasashen da ba na Hausawa ba? Ba tare da tsawaita magana ba, daga cikin dalilan da suka kai Hausa da Hausawa wata duniyar da ba ta Hausa sun haɗa da:

    • Fatauci
    • Neman ilimin addini
    • Yaɗa Addinin Musulunci
    • Cinikin bayi
    • Aikin hajji
    • Aikata wani abin kunya
    • Neman ilimin book
    • Aikin gwamnati (www.amsoshi.com)

    Waɗannan da ma wasu dalilai masu yawa da suka kai harshen Hausa da Hausawa wasu ƙashen da ba nasu ba.

    KAMMALAWA

    Daga bayanai da suka gaba, mun fahimci cewa lallai harshen Hausa ba ƙyalle ba ne kuma ba ƙashin yarwa ba ne. Sannan kuma mun ga irin yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta kalli harshen Hausa wanda ake ganin wannan daraja da martaba da harshen yake da shi ya sa ta ware rana ta musamman don gudanar da taro da yin bita a kan wasu al’amura da suka shafi harshen Hausa da kuma irin gudunmawar da harshen yake bayarwa a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullum.

    Mun ga yadda aka samu wasu gidajen rediyo da kafafen sadarwa na zama suke mu’amala da harshen Hausa. Sannan mun fahimci wanene Bahaushe da kuma inda harshen Hausa yake matsayinsa a duniya tare da masu Magana da shi. Sannan mun ga wasu dalilai da suka kai harshen da ma masu harshen wasu ƙasashen da ba ƙasar Hausa ba.

    Manazarta

    Bunza, A.M (2013), “Don Me Ake Karatun Hausa?” Harsunan Nijeriya Volume XXIII. 2011-2013. Center for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University: Kano.
    Hornby, A.S (2015), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English 9th Edition. Oxford University Press: United Kingdom.
    Ƙamusun Hausa Na Jami’ar Bayero (2006). Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna Nijeriya: Kano.
    www.amsoshi.com
    A Wata Hira da Aka Yi da Bunza, A.M a Shekarar (2023)
    https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic.353020.0html

    Domin karanta Gudunmawar Ali Gumzak Wajen Samarwa Da Kuma Haɓaka Finafinan Hausa danna nan

    Edita@rumasau-kallamu

  • Harshen Bahaushe (Harshen Hausa)

    Harshen Bahaushe (Harshen Hausa)

    Ta dangin harsunan, harshen Hausa xaya ne daga cikin  harsunan ‘Afro-Asiatic’ mai dangi da Larabawa,  Kivxanci, Yahudanci, Habashanci, Somali da sauransu  (Encarta, 2009). 

    A duniyar yau ana qiyasta adadin masu magana da  harshen Hausa sun kai 150,000,000. Harshen Hausa na  da matsayin na 11 a cikin harsuna 65,000 da ake magana  da su a faxin duniya (Limanci, 2019). Hausa ce yare na  25 a harshen da masu ji na asali. Akwai kuma sama da  mutum 30,000,000 da suke jin Hausa a matsayin harshen  a biyu (Enthologue, 2022).  

    Domin Karanta wane ne bahaushe Danna Nan

    Bayan nan, Bahaushe ya ci gaba zama a yankunan  Arewacin Nijiyeriya, Kudanci Nijar, ya kuma yi tafiye tafiye zuwa nahiyar Turawa, Asiya (qasashen Labarawa  da gabashin duniya, qasar Sin da sauransu) ta dalilin  aiki, kasuwanci ko neman ilimi. A yau Hausa ta zama  yaren duniya, ana amfani da ita a manyan gidajen jaridun  radiyo na Amurka (VOA), Birtaniyya (BBC), Jamani  (DW), Chaina (CRI) da sauran manyan qasashe. Tana  daga cikin harsunan da ake fassara huxubar ranar Arfa a  Saudiyya. Tana kuma cikin harsunan fasahar zamani, da  harsunan manhajojin fassara na zamani (misali, Google  Translator).  

    Harshen Hausa yana kusa da harsunan Ron, Bole, Zaar,  Bura, Kamwe, Bata, Angas, Bade, Warji, Buduma,  Musgu, Gidar, Tumak, Nancere, Kera, Dangaleat,  Mukulu, Sokoro, Ngizim, Kare-kare da Kanakuru. 

    Harshen Hausa na qaruwa da qara faxaxa a yankunan  Nijeriya, har tana qoqarin nashe wasu harsunan Nijeriya  da suka haxa da; Yankam, Pyem, Fillanci, Biram,  Gunganci, Fakkanci, Dokkanci, Banganci, Kamuka,  Acipanci, Shanga, Kyanganci, Katab, Kagoro, Tara,  Gure, Kurama, Ninzo, Kadara, Kanin, Badanci, Ngizim,  Bolewa, Tera, Tangale (Sarki, 2005, Bello, 2018,  Sama’ila, 2016 da Buba, 2002).

    Domin Karanta Al’adar Bahaushe Danna nan 

    1. Kare-karen Harshen Hausa  

    Karin harshen (dialect) nufin ma’anin magana a cikin  harshe xaya, da ake samun bambance-bambacen wajen  furuci (accent), ko ginin jimlar, ko zavar kalmomi  tsakanin yanki ko al’umma (sociolect), ko qabila  (ethnolects), ko gida/muhalli (ecolect), ko xaixaikun  mutane (idiolect) (Rotimi et al, 2014) 

    Qaura da Hausawa ke yi zuwa wasu yankuna ta dalilin  kasuwanci, neman ilimi, auratayya, ko cakuxuwa da  wasu qabilu na daga cikin dalilan da ke sabbaba karin  harshen wata al’ummar Hausa ya bambanta da wata  al’umma. 

    A vangaren amfani da yaren Hausa, Bahaushe yana da  kare-karen harshe (dialects) na rukuni da yanki. Karin  harshen rukunin mutane na da dangantaka da jinsi,  shekaru, mulki ko sana’a. Misali, akwai kalmomi ko  yanayin amfani da harshe da malamai ke da shi da ya  bamban da na ‘yan kasuwa, haka a tsakanin maza da  mata, yara da manya. 

    A karin yanki akwai Hausa Bakwai, da Banza Bakwai. A  Karin harshen Hausa-Bakwai, akwai ‘karin gabas’ akwai  ‘karin yamma’, an samu waxannan kare-kare ta dalilin  kafa garuruwan Hausa da jikokin Bayajidda suka yi a  900s (Liman, 1974). 

    A karin gabasanci akwai: Kananci, Zazzaganci,  Bausanci, Gudanranci, Damagaranci, Haxejiyanci. A  Karin yammaci akwai: Dauranci, Sakkwatanci,  Gobiranci da sauransu. 

    Kananci, Sakkwantanci, Dauranci, Haxejiyanci,  Zazzaganci da Bausanci na daga cikin manyan kare karen Hausa saboda yawan al’umma da ke amfani da karin a yankunan Hausawa (ie. Kano, Sakkwato, Daura,  Haxejiya, Zazzau, Katsina da Bauchi). Sauran akwai  Canganci (Gaya), Gobiranci (Gobir), Agadasanci da  Damagaranci (daga qasar Nijar). 

    Misalin, Bahaushen Haxejiya da kudanci qasar Kano  sukan furta harafin /hy/ a madadin /sha/, mis. hyayi a  matsayin shayi. Ko, a karin gabas suna amfani da /r/,  yamma kuma /l/ a kalmomi, harshe/halshe, harbi/halbi,  farke/falke da sauransu. Ko canja wasu haruffa misali,  fira/hira, Audu/Abdu (Noun, ). 

    Domin Karanta Ma’anar Bahaushe Danna nan 

    A wani karin kuma ana a qarin ‘ya’ a bayan lamiri a  Sakkwatanci, ‘ni’ (Kananci), ‘niya’ (Sakkwatanci),  kai/kaiya, ke/keya, mu/muya da sauransu. A wajen nuni,  wannan (Kananci), wanga/wagga (Sakkwatanci). 

    Wani lokacin kuma, akwai bambancin zaven kalmomi  na yanki, misali: hanya/turba, makani/gwaza,  gishiri/manda, barci/kwana, abinci/cimaka, fitsari/sayi,  gafiya/bargu, wuni/yini/uni, ‘ya/xiya da sauransu. 

    Bahaushe da yake zaune a wani yanki mai cakuxe da  wasu qabilu mazauna Suleja, Jos, Yawuri (yankunan  Banza Bakwai) da sauransu, sukan canja lamirin mace  zuwa na namiji misali: matata/matana, motata/motana,  rigata/rigana da sauransu. 

    1. Baqin Kalmomi Cikin Harshen Hausa  

    Ta vangaren amfani da kalmomi, Yaren Hausa ya samu  cakuxuwa da kalmomi Larabci (saboda zuwan addinin  Musulunci), da na Turanci (a zuwa Turawan Mulkin  Mallaka), sai jefi-jefin kalmomi daga harsunan da  yarukan makwafta Yarbawa, Inyamurai, Fulani, Bare 

    Bari, Kanuri da sauransu a sunayen abinci da sutura.

    Addinin Musulunci ya yi wa harshen Bahaushe tasiri  sosai, domin Bahaushe na amfani da kalmomin Larabci  wajen magana (Ibrahim, 1982), har ta kai ga wasu  kalmomi Hausan na qoqarin vacewa da maye gurbinsu  da na Larabci; misali: arziki (wadata), mai koyo (xalibi),  raino (tarbiyya). A vangaren Turanci kuma, Bahaushe ya  ari kalmomin Turanci na baqin abubuwa, gwamnati,  ofisi, birki, mota, da sauransu.  

    Akan samu auren harshen (code mixing) tsakanin  harshen Hausa da Turanci (Engausa/Ingausa) wajen  magana. Kalmar Ingausa, (Ing = English, ausa = Hausa).  Ingausa shi ne yin amfani da kalmomin, ko yankin  jumlar Hausa da Turanci a lokacin guda wajen magana. 

    Akwai ‘code mixing’, haxa kalmomi Hausa da Turanci. Akwai kuma ‘code switching’, idan mutum na magana  da Hausa, sai ya juye a koma yi da Turanci. 

    Domin karanta cikekken littafin Danna nan