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Tag: Mesopotamia

  • Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia III

    Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia III

    Kafa Garuruwa

    Kamar yadda aka yi bayani a baya wayewar kan Ɗan Adam tana tabbata ne da kafa garuruwa. An fara gina garuruwa kamar shekara 7000 da suka shige a tabkuna inda mutane suke noma.

    Mutane sun kasance da yawa a wannan wurare wanda ana hasashen cewa sun kai 30,000 zuwa 40,000 a ƙasar Mesopotamia wannan shi ne dalilin da yasa suka fara kafa garuruwa (McGregor 2010: 69). Sumerians (mutanen Mesopotamia) su ne suka fara kafa manyan garuruwa. Dalili kuwa shi ne masarautun ƙasar sun fara haɓaka, dole ne a sami yadda za a tabbatar da zamantakewa mai inganci saboda haka suka ƙirƙiro garuruwa.

    Gudanar da wannan garuruwa babban aikin kuma mutanen Mesopotamia su ne suka fara ƙirƙiro tsarin gudanarwar saboda haka masana suke faɗa cewa duk wannan gari na duniya ya samu ɓirɓishin ƙwarai Mesopotamia in ji McGregor (2010: 72) yana faɗa cewa a asalin kowanne birni akwai tasirin Mesopotamia.  Birnin da aka fara kafawa shi ne Eridu sama shekara 7000 da suka shige, hasashe ya nuna cewa kamar shekara 5500 garin yana da mutane 4000 kuma yana da faɗin hecta goma (Robert 15). 

    Birnin Uruk, wanda yake tsakanin Baghdad da Basra. Kasar Iraq ta samo sunanta daga Uruk. Kuma shi ne birnin da fara yin tasiri a Mesopotamia. Garin an gina shi ya tumbatsa sau ɗaya daga 3900 BC zuwa 3100 BC tsahon shekara 800 kuma tun kusan shekara 6000 da suka shige aka fara gina garin.

    Bayan Uruk kuma garin da ya yi tasiri shi ne garin ‘yan “cult” Jemdet Nasr daga 3100 BC zuwa 2900 BC. An yi hasashen cewa mutum 50,000 suke zaune a birnin Uruk lokacin da ya yi tashe (Hattstein 2009: 20). Garin ya shahara a ƙasar Mesopotamia saboda abubuwan tarihi da aka samu a cikinsa (McGregor 93). Sun haɗa da manyan gine-gine irin fadadoji, da wuraren bauta (temples) da manyan gumaka (sculptures).

    Ma’ikata birnin an tsara da yadda ake raba kaya an tsara su daki-daki, kuma harkar bauta tana tsare ƙarƙashin sarakuna masu kula da bauta (priest-kings) saboda mutanen sun yarda cewa abubuwan bautawarsu ne suka kafa birnin. Lokacin mulkin farko wato daga 2900 BC zuwa 2340 BC rigingimu sun yi yawa har sukan zama yaƙi tsakanin wannan birane: Uruk da Ur da Lagash-Girsu da Umma da Adab da Kish. A wannan lokcaci Uruk da Kish su ne suka fi tasiri (Hattstein 20). 

    Uruk da Nippur su ne manyan garuruwan a kudancin Iraq (Mesopotamia) da ake bukukuwa a cikinsu. Wannan garuruwa biyu da kuma irinsu Eshnunna, da Ur, da Lagash da Tutub sun shahara a tarihin Mesopotamia. An tuno abubuwa a Inanna (Sanctuary) a garin Uruk da suka nuna cewa a nan aka fara rubutu, da kayan mulki irinsu hatimi, da gini wanda yanuna ƙwarewa da kuma abubuwan ala’da (visual culture) (Firefly 2007: 214-215).

    Yawancin ɓangororin rubutu an samo su ne daga garin Uruk (McGregor 93).  An tono gunkin Sarki Gudea na garin Lagas, ya yi mulkinsa sama da shekaru 4200 kuma wannan gunkin ya nuna ƙwarewar mutanen garin a harka zane da sassaka (Roberts 1980: 19).

    Shi kuwa birnin Ur shekara kamar 4700 da ta shige (2700 BC) yana da mutane 24,000 kuma da girmansa ya kai hecta 120. A cikin kaburburan sarakuna da aka tono na birnin Ur an sami kayan ado na gwal da kujeru wanda aka yi amfani da su kimanin shekara 4550 suka shige wato 2550 BC.

    An sami ƙasusuwan iyalan sarki da suka bi shi kabarinsa suka ɗauki ransu ta hanyar shan guba. Rubututtukan Cuneiform sun ƙunshi bayanai akan cinikai masu yawa a biranen ƙasar irin su Ur da Lagash (Hattstein 2009: 20). 

    A birnin Ur aka haifi Annabi Ibrahim (alaihi salam). Mutanen garuruwan yawancinsu manoma ne. Kuma suna gina gidajensu da tubali saboda babu dutse a kusa. Masu kuɗi suna gasa tubalin a wuta don ya yi ƙarfi wanda ba su da kuɗi suna shanya shi a rana. Ginin tubali yana saurin rushewa (Roberts 15).

    Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da aka samu Ur, garin da ya fi kowane mahimmanci a Sumeria (Mesopotamia), shi ne alamar (Standard of Ur) an yi shi tsakanin shekara 4400 zuwa 4600. Wannan abu yana da mahimanci a tarihin Ɗan Adam saboda shi ne abin da aka fara samu wanda aka haɗa shi da abubuwa daban a wuri ɗaya. Kafin wannan yawanci abubuwa ana yin su da abu guda ɗaya ko dutse ko itace ko ɓangori.

    Wannan kuwa an yi shi da lapsis lazuli daga Afghanistan, jan dutse (red marble) daga India da kuma kwanson teku (shells) daga Gulf, kwaltar da aka jona abubuwan da ita kaɗai ce ta ƙasar (Iraq). Wannan abun ya nuna zurfin ƙwarewar mutanen ƙasar Mesopotamia kuma da martabar garin Ur. An samo wannan Alamar (Standard of Ur) a cikin wani kabari da aka haƙo a shekara 1920 (McGregor 2010: 72-73).

    Haka kuma a cikin ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka binne mutane wanda aka yi su kusan zamani ɗaya Dala Kuffu (Cheops Pyramid) na Misira, an tono kayan gashin kai na gwal (golden headdress) da kofin gwal na sacrifice da hular kai da gwal da wuƙaken gwal wanda a jikinsu aka sa duwatsu masu ƙayatarwa, da kuma abin kiɗa (harp) shi ma mai ƙayatarwa, da wani abin wasa mai kama da fefen Chess (Gombrich 2008: 18).

    Birnin Ur, wanda yanzu shi ne a kira Tell al Muqayyar, a kudancin Iraq, ya shahara da arziƙi tsakanin shekara 4004 da 4112 da suka shige. A wannan lokaci shi ne babban garin (capital) ta dynasty na uku wanda suka gina manyan wurare da filaye na jama’a. Ginin da ya fi kowanne a garin shi ne wurin bautawa wata da ake kira da suna Nanna. Sarki Ur-Nammu (2112-2095 BC) shi ne ya fara gina shi kuma ɗansa Shulgi (2095-2047 BC) ya kammala shi. Wannan gini shi ne ake kira Ziggurat (Firefly 2007: 216). 

    Gininnikan da suka fi kowanne girma da ƙayatarwa su ne wuraren bauta (temples) na garin Uruk. An sami ɗaya daga cikinsu wanda aka gina shi da gasassun tubula akan (terrace) kuma yana da tsahon meter 12 ana zaton a ƙalla mutum 1500 suka yi aikin ginin a cikin shekaru biyar, sama da shekara 5500. Irin wannan ayyuka sun nuna cewa shugabanin Sumeria sun iya haɗa mutane da yawa duk lokacin da buƙatarsu ta taso.

    Addini yana da muhimanci a wurinsu shi yasa su girmama da kuma ƙawata wuraren bauta (temples). Sun yarda cewa abubuwan da suke bautawa suna sama, shi yasa suke dogwayen gininnika don su zama kusa da su. Wannan gininnika ana ce masu Ziggurats ana yin su a sama sai an bi ta kan matattakala (terrace). Wasu masana suna zaton cewa sun yi su a saman matattakala saboda su gujewa ambaliyar ruwa.

    Birnin Lagash ya haɓaka ne a ƙarƙashin mulkin da Ur-Nanshe ya kafa a misalin 2480 BC. Ur-Nanshe ya gina wuraren bauta (temples) da yawa da magudanar ruwa (canals). An samu bayanai daga rubututtukan da suka yi na aikin gudanar da mulki. Eannatum jikan Ur-Nanshe ya mallaki ƙasar a misali 2450 BC .

    Ya yi yaƙi da sunan Ningirsu abin bautar mutanen birnin. Wannan shi ne farkon yunƙurin haɗa kan ƙasar Mesopotami. Eannatum ya faɗa a shahararren rubutunsa ‘Stele of the Vultures’ cewa Ningirsu ya ba shi mulkin birane da suka haɗa da Lagash da Kish. Sarakunan Lagash da matansu sun kula da tattalin arziƙi da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin wurin bauta (temple) wadda alama ce ta tsarin tattalin da hukuma ta kafa (Hattatsien 2009: 20-21).

    Tsarin Mulki

    Sumerians suna da masarautunsu daban-daban kusan kowanne gari yana da masarautarsa kuma su asalinsu mutanen Caucasus wato suna amfani da harshe irin na Caucasian. Su Sumerians suna aske gashinsu su kuma Semites (irin Larabawa da Yahudawa) suna barin gashin kansu da kuma gemu a fuskarsu (Clement 1936: 68).

    Suna kuma maƙwabtaka ƙabilun Semitic masu harshe irin na larabawa da yahudawa. Wani Sarki, mai suna Sargon daga cikin ƙabilun Semitic ya kafa daularsa a garin Akkad arewa da Sumer. Wannan Sarki ya bunƙasa kuma ya yi ƙarfi ya cinye garuruwan Sumeria ya kafa haɗaɗɗiyar daula mai hukuma ɗaya ta farko a wannan ƙasa tunda ga Akkad a Arewacin Iraq har zuwa kudanci inda ta haɗa da su Ur da Uruk. Ya kafa daula ne kamar shekara 4350 zuwa 4400 da suka shige.

    Sargon (the Great) ya yi ƙarfi kuma ya shahara. Ya mallaki ƙasa daga Palestine har zuwa Persian Gulf kuma ana kiranta Akkadian ko Sumerian Empire, ya kai hari Misira da kuma Habasha (Ethiopia). An ce rundunar sojansa mai mayaƙa 5000 suna cin abinci a fadarsa. Shi ne Sarkin da ya fara kafa babbar daula (Empire) a tarihi kuma haɗaɗɗiyar hukuma ta farko a Mesopotamia amma ba ta daɗe ba saboda ta rushe a zamanin mulkin jikansa.

    Sarakunan da su ka gaje shi suna kiran kansu Sarkin Sumer da Akkad. Daular Sargon ta shekara kamar 200 kafin ta rushe wato a cikin 2200 BC. Kabilun kan dutse su ne suka rusa wannan daula saboda hare-haren da suke kawo mata. Bayan rushewarta sai ƙasashen Sumeria suka koma kamar yadda suke a da kowanne gari yana mulkin kansa. Kasar Ur ta fi kowacce a wannan lokacin Sarakunan Sumeria na Kasar Ur sun fi na ko ina shahara.

    Kafin Sarki Sargon I ya cinye ƙasar Sumeria, an yi wani Sarki a birnin Lagash mai suna Urukagina ana kuma kiransa da wani karin sunan Urunimgina kimanin shekara 2350 BC. Ya hau mulki lokacin rigingimu saboda masu arziƙi da dukiyar kansu sun fara bulo. Ya ƙirƙiro tsarin zamantakewa.

    Kasar Misira (Egypt)

    Mutane daga bangarorin duniya daban-daban sun sauka a gefen kogin Nile saboda albarkar ƙasar shekaru kamar 12,000 da suka shuɗe.

    Danna nan don karanta Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia

    Edita; Rumasa’u M. kallamu

  • Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia

    Wayewa Da Cigaba A Mesopotamia

    Greeks (Girkawa) su ne suka sawa ƙasar da take tsakanin kogunan biyu Tigris da Euphrates suna Mesopotamia. Wannan koguna sun kwaranyo daga duwatsu a ƙasar Turkey. Sun rabu gida biyu daga asalinsu sannan suka yi tafiyar mil 400 suka shiga Persian Gulf.

    Ƙasar Mesopotamia yanzu ita ce gabas ɗin Iraq. Wannan ƙasa ta Mesopotamia ana ce mata (Fertile Crescent) ta ƙunshi kudu maso gabacin Anatolia, da Syria da Iraq. Wanda suka fara kawo ci gaba ko wayewa a wannan wuri ko ƙasa su ne Sumerians. Mutanen da suka yi mulki a wannan ƙasa ta Mesopotamia tun daga farkon wayewa Clement (1936: 67) ya kasa su kashi shida:

    1. Sumerians wanda su asalinsu Caucasians ne da ƙasar Asiya, sun shigo ta Arewacin Mesopotamia sun yi mulki sama da shekara 6000 da suka wuce wato daga 4000 BC zuwa 2750 BC.
    2. Semites: Akkadian da Babylonian daga Arewacin Mesopotamia sun yi mulki daga 2750 BC zuwa 900 BC an kori Akkadiyawa, sannan daga bisani Babyloniyawa suka zo bayan wani lokaci. Sarakunansu da suka yi fice su ne Sargon I da kuma Hammurabi.
    3.  Assyrians su ma semite ne sun yi mulki daga 900 BC zuwa 612 BC su ma daga Arewacin ƙasar suka fito. Shahararrun sarakunansu su ne Sargon II da Sennacherib da kuma Assurbanipal 
    4. Chaldeans su ma Semite sun zo daga kudancin ƙasar sun yi mulki daga 612 BC zuwa 538 BC wanda ya fi shahara a cikinsu shi ne Nebuchadnezzar.
    5. Persians sun zo daga gabas su Ayrans (Indo-Europeans) sun yi mulki daga 538 BC zuwa 331 BC.
    6. Alexander mutumin Grika ƙasar Mecedonia ya zo ya cinye ƙasar da  yaƙi ya kafa daularsa (Empire) daga 331 BC 323 BC. Daga baya kuma Rumawa sun mallaki ƙasar kafin zuwan Musulunci.

    Sumerians su ne suka fara zuwa wannan ƙasa daga gabashin Asiya (Caucasians) shekaru 7000 da suka shige. Sun zauna a wannan tabkin kuma a hankali suka mulki maƙwabatansu kuma su ma asalinsu ɗaya na harshen Semitic. Kamar shekara 5000 da suka shige sai suka fara karɓe ƙasashen maƙwabtansu kuma suka wayar musu da kansu.

    Sumerians su ne mutanen farko da suka fara gina manyan garuruwa, babban birninsu yana da mutane 100,000 a wancan lokacin. Dalilin haka ne yasa ake cewa su ne suka fara wayewar kafa garuruwa (wato urban Civilization). Sumerians sun kafa Uruk wanda shi ne babban birni na farko a tarihin duniya sun kuma kafa Lagash da Ur (Adler p. 15).

    Sumerians sun shahara a tarihi saboda abubuwan da suka ƙirƙira. Su ne suka fara ƙirƙiro rubutu na ƙwarai (sophisticated). Su ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙasaitaccen gini na farko, wanda aka yi amfani da linta da ginshiƙai yadda iska ba za ta faɗar da shi ba kuma har yanzu ana amfani da dabararsu.

    Su ne ake zaton sun ƙirƙiro taya mai juyawa (wheel). Su ne kuma suka ƙirƙiro (gravity flow irrigation). Su ne suka fara yin tsarin makaranta a tarihin ɗan Adam, haka kuma su ne suka ƙirƙiro gasasshen tubali na gini (Adler p. 15). Sun ƙware a ƙirar kayan ƙarafa (bronze), da tukwane masu juyawa, da kekuna masu tayar ƙarfe da kwale-kwale da sassaƙa da manyan gininnika da kuma abinda ya fi kowane mahimanci –plow.

    An samu waɗannan bayanai a cikin dubunnan kayayakin da suka zana a wurare daban-daban. Sumerians sun shahara a harkar saƙa da rini kuma suna yin kaya na ƙasaita shuwagabaninsu na sa wannan kayayyaki masu kyau da burgewa. Wannan sana’oin sun haɓaka kasuwanci a garuruwan Mesopotamia da kuma cinikayya tsakanin su da sauran ƙasashe. Ana kai kayansu ƙasashe daban-daban. Kuma saboda wannan arziƙi da ƙasar take da shi shi ne yasa ake yin gagarumin biki na ƙasaita wanda ya sa ƙasar ta shahara (McNeill).

    Shekaru kamar 4200 da suka shige, wani mahari, kuma ɗan Semitic, Sargon (the Great) ya shigo ya cinye ƙasar Mesopotamia ya kafa mulkinsa da daularsa a garin Akkad kusa da garin Baghdad (ta wannan zamanin). Kafin zuwan Sumerians a garuruwansu suke babu sarki ɗaya da yake mulkar su,  shi ne ya haɗa ƙasar ƙarƙashin jagoranci ɗaya.

    Daular Akkadiyawa ba ta kai shekara 200 ba amma duk da haka sun yadda da wayewar kai irin na ƙasar Sumeria a gabas ta tsakiya. Kuma mulkinsu ya haɗa gabas ta tsakiya da kuma Misira. Bayan wannan daular ta Akkad aka samu daular Babylon daga nan kuma aka sami daular Assyria.

    Abinda yasa cewa aka yi Daular Akkad “Empire” ta farko saboda su ne suka fara mulkar  mutane daban a wata ƙasar. Mulkinsu ya faɗaɗa a doran ƙasa daga arewancin Iraqi zuwa kudancin ƙasar. Ita ce “Empire” ta doran ƙasa ta farko a tarihin duniya. Bayansu an samu “Empires” iri-iri a tarihin duniya (Howe 2002).

    Domin karanta Wayewar Farko danna nan

    Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu