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Tag: Ɗan Adam

  • Wayewar Kan Ɗan Adam 2

    Wayewar Kan Ɗan Adam 2

    Wasu masana sun ba da sharaɗai na wayewar kai. Sharuɗan sun haɗa da rubutu, a bisa wannan sharaɗi babu wayewar kai ga mutanen da ba su da rubutu. Wasu kuma sun ƙara da sharaɗin ƙira (technology), a wannan ra’ayin babu wayewar kai ga wanda ba sa gini, ko da dutse ko da ɓangori (brick) (Robert).

    Wasu masana irin su Vico sun samu wayewar da ba a rubuta ta ba saboda ya fito da tsari nazarin da zai sa a fahimci irin wannan wayewar (Hughes-Warrington 2015: 324). Sarrafa ƙarfe yana daga cikin alamar wayewar Ɗan Adam saboda cigaban da ya kawo a harkar rayuwa. Ɗan Adam ya fara sarrafa copper ya haɗa ta da lead da tin ta ba shi bronze wanda ya fi ƙarfi (Adler 1996: 10).  

    Saboda rashin manyan gine-gine masu inganci shi ne yasa suke ganin babu wayewar kai a gururuwan masu bauta gargajiya (pagan) na Arewacin Nijeriya, inda suke gine-gine na ƙasa da kuma yayi, idan aka kwatanta su da ƙasar Masar. Gini ana yinsa don ya daɗe, kamar na ƙasar Masar ba don ɗan lokaci kaɗan ba, kamar na wannan mutanen Arewacin Najeriya.

    Wasu masana suna ganin cewa wayewar kai na tabbata ne idan mutane suka yi yawa kuma kowa yana da sana’a ko aiki da kuma ƙwarewa a kai: wasu suna gini, wasu na ƙira, wasu yin tukwane da sauransu kuma sun dogara da wasu su yi aikin samu abinci wato manoma da masunta da kuma mikiyaya.

    Duk da wannan sharaɗai babu itifaƙi akan ma’anar wayewar kai saboda ana samun abinda ake ganin wayewar kai ne amma bai cika wannan sharaɗai ba. Saboda haka wasu masana sun faɗa cewa abinda ya dace shi ne a ce wayewar kai na tabbata idan aka samu wasu daga cikin wannan sharuɗan (Roberts 1980: 10).

    Wayewar Kai abu ne mai sarƙaƙiya a tafarkin wayewa mutane suna haɗa abubuwa da yawa na rayuwa da suka shafi aiki ko ɗabi’a. Saboda wayewa tana ƙaruwa da ƙarin ilmi da kuma fahimtar rayuwa. A kullum mutane ƙaruwa suke da ilmi da kuma fasaha wannan shi ne wayewa ba a kasance a wuri ɗaya ba.

    Misali yanzu ilmin fasaha da ƙira ya sa mutane suna bincike a sararin samaniya kuma har wata ma sun je. Fasaha tana bambanta tsakanin wanda suka waye da kuma wanda ba su waye ba (Roberts 1980: 10).

    Wasu daga cikin masana tarihi da ‘yan jarida na turai suna ganin cewa babu wata wayewa idan ba ta turai ba ce. Duk abinda ya faru kafin turai ta mallaki duniya ba waye ba ne a wurinsa. Wanda ya ƙarfafa wannan ra’ayi shi ne Kenneth Clark a fim ɗinsa na talabijin da aka nuna a BBC mai suna “Civilization A Personal View”.

    A wannan fim ya kore duk wani wayewar kai na ko ina sai dai na turai ta yamma har na Byzantine Ravenna, Celtic Hebrides, Viking Norway da kuma mulkin Charlemagne. A fahimtarsa tun daga faɗuwar Rome har zuwa tashin turai ta yamma babu wayewa. A fahimtarsa babu wayewa kafin zuwa addinin Krista kuma babu wayewa a gabas ɗin duniya (Ferguson 2011: 1-2). 

    Masu nazarin Civilization na ƙasashen turai sun bambanta shi da Culture (al’adu) a ra’ayinsu Culture ta al’ummar da ba su waye ba ce (primitive) shi kuma Civilization na wanda su ka waye ne.

    Don karanta Wayewar Ɗan Kan Adam 1 danna nan

    Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu

  • Wayewar Kan Ɗan Adam 1

    Wayewar Kan Ɗan Adam 1

    Kafin a fassara Wayewar Kai (Civilization da turanci) sai an fassara wasu kalmomi masu alaƙa da shi kamar yadda masanin tarihi Arnold Toynbee ya yi (Toynbee 1988). Wannan kalmomin su ne Society da kuma Culture saboda idan aka fassara su za a samu kyakkyawar fahimtar Wayewar Kai (Civilization). 

    Society wanda za a iya fassara shi a matsayin al’umma yana nufin duk alaƙa da zamantakewar mutanen da suke cikin wannan al’ummar ba wai tarin mutanen ba kawai. Tarin mutane ana kiransa Crowd wanda za a iya tara su, ko a watsa su ko a kashe su saɓanin zamantakewarsu wanda ba jiki ba ne. 

    Culture ana fassara ta a matsayin al’ada, kuma tana nufin ƙa’idojin mu’amalar mutane da kuma duk abinda suka ɗauke shi mai kima (Toynbee 1988: 43). Wayewar kai (Civilization da turanci), akwai bambancin ra’ayi akan manufar wannan kalmar.

    Dalili shi ne a ɓangaren ilmin zamantakewa (social science) ba a samun ma’anar kalmar karɓaɓɓiya ba. Kowane masani yana tabbatar da fahimtarsa yayin da yake fito da ma’ana, kuma suna canjawa da zamani da kuma marubuci. 

    Kamar yadda Claude Levi-Strauss ya faɗa cewa mutanen suna iya ba wa kalmar ma’anar da ta dace, mutuƙar, za su ba da dalilinsu (Braudel 1987: 3). Amma an yi ittifaƙi cewa Civilization ko wayewar kai ta nuna cigaban al’umma ne daga asali. Misali Ɗan Adam ya sami cigaba daga farauta da tara tsirrai zuwa ga manomi mazauni a wuri ɗaya. 

    Yawancin mutane suna ɗaukar shekara 200 zuwa 400 kafin su cigaba daga matsayin mafarauta da tara tsirrai zuwa manoma. Amma kuma noma yana tafiya tare da farauta zuwa tsahon lokaci (Adler 1996: 7).

    Civilization kalma ce ta turanci wanda ta samu asalinta daga kalmar civis ta harshen Latin wadda ta ke nufin citizen mazaunin city babban gari. Kalmar ‘Civilization’ an fara amfani da ita ƙarshen ƙarni na 18, a Fransa. An samo ta ne daga “Civilized” da kuma “to Civilize” wanda an daɗe ana amfani da su a ƙarni na 16.

    A shekarar 1732 Civilization ana amfani da ita a ilmin Shari’a (Jurisprudence) ne kawai, a wannan lokaci tana nufin hukunci wanda ya mayar da trial daga criminal zuwa civil (Braudel 1987: 3). Amma wanda ya fara amfani da kalmar mutumin Faransa ne masanin tattalin arziƙi mai suna Anne Robert Jacques Turgot a shekarar 1752 (Ferguson 2011: 2).

    Shi wannan marubuci ya yi amfani da kalmar lokacin da yake rubuta tarihinsa na duniya amma kuma bai  buga littafin ba. An fara buga Kalmar a shekarar 1756 a wani littafi mai suna Treatise on Population na Victor Riqueti (Braudel 1987: 3). 

    Daga baya turawan ingilishi suka karɓi kalmar Civilization. Faransanci ya fi ingilishi kusanci da harshen Latin inda aka samu civis. Saboda Civilization (Wayewar Kai) ta samu asali daga civis (city) shi yasa masana suka ce (Civilization) ba zai yiwu ba sai cikin mazauna babban gari (city) inda kalmar ta samu asali. Amma kuma birni ɗaya tak ba zai iya kafa Wayewar Kai (Civilization) birane su haɗu su zama jinsinsa ba. 

    Misali kamar ƙasar Mesopotamia tana da birane da suka kasance tushen wayewar ta. Akwai taƙaddama ko za iya samun wayewar kai ba a cikin birni ba wato a ƙauyuka? An samu garuruwa da suke tafarkin wayewa amma kuma ba za a kwatanta su da manyan birane ba.

    Wannan fassarar wayewar kai mai alaƙa da birnanci da Bagby ya yi ta samu karɓuwa a wurin Toynbee wanda ya ƙara da cewa wayewa ba za ta yiwu ba sai dole an samu wasu mutane a cikin al’umma suna aikin da bai shafi noma ko sarrafa abinci ba wato suna yin ayyuka da suka shafi ƙira, ciniki, da kuma wanda ba sa yin ayyukan tattalin arziki, wato kamar kula da sha’anin addini da kuma gudanar da mulki da sauransu (Toynbee 1988: 44).

    Wayewar Kai (Civilization) shi ne koluwar tsarin na Ɗan Adam ya fi daula (sophistication). Kuma asalinsa ya faru ne saboda Ɗan Adam ya mallaki muhalinsa ya kuma samar da isasshen abinci, da ruwa da matsuguni da kuma tsaron al’umma daga hare-hare.

    Yana ƙunsar al’ada amma ba koyaushe ba, haka kuma da addini shi ma wani lokacin da kuma harsuna. A bisa wannan ra’ayi ne wasu masana suke ganin kafin wannan zamanin Wayewar Kai (Civilization) guda biyar kawai aka yi su ne: West (Yammacin Turai), da India, da China, da Byzantium da Islam, wannan shi ne ra’ayin Adda Bozeman. 

    Shi kuwa Mathew Melko guda goma sha biyu ya lissafa, bakwai sun shuɗe su ne: Mesopotamia da Egyptian da Cretan da Classical da Byzantine da Middle American da Andean. Kuma biyar suna nan su ne: Chinese da Japanese da Indian da Islamic da Western shi kuwa Samuel Eisenstadt ya mai da su shida ya ƙara da Jewish (Ferguson 2011: 3).

    Shi kuwa Toynbee a tasa fahimtar ba su zama ƙasa da ishirin ba, kuma wasu suna rushewa wasu na tashi (Hughes-Warrington 2015: 112). Alaƙa tsakanin wannan jinsinan Wayewar Kai da kuma tsakaninsu da muhallinsu tana kawo juyi a tarihin rayuwar Ɗan Adam.

    Kuma suna daɗewa ba su canja ba saboda haka Wayewar Kai (Civilization) shi ne tarihin da ya fi kowane tsaho kuma yake wanzuwa a cikin al’umma da kuma tattalin arziki kamar yadda masanin tarihi Ferdinand Braudel ya bayyana (Ferguson 2011: 3). 

    Danna nan don karanta Cinikin Bayi a Tarihin Afrika

    Edita; Rumasa’u M. Kallamu